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		<title>Oostvaardersplassen at Risk: Frans Vera on Nature and Policy</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/interviews/oostvaardersplassen-at-risk-frans-vera-on-nature-and-policy/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Wed, 10 Sep 2025 02:34:45 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Interviews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rewilding]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystem restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oostvaardersplassen]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rewilding]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=16313</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>At the Rewilding Our World Conference 2025, leading voices in science, policy, and practice come together to explore how rewilding can restore ecosystems, strengthen resilience, and reshape our relationship with nature. We spoke with Frans Vera to hear his perspective.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/interviews/oostvaardersplassen-at-risk-frans-vera-on-nature-and-policy/">Oostvaardersplassen at Risk: Frans Vera on Nature and Policy</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
]]></description>
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<div class="wp-block-kadence-infobox kt-info-box16313_29a544-56"><span class="kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-left kt-info-halign-left"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media-container"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container"><div class="kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Frans-Vera-300x300.jpg" alt="Frans Vera" width="300" height="300" class="kt-info-box-image wp-image-13618" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Frans-Vera-300x300.jpg 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Frans-Vera-150x150.jpg 150w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Frans-Vera.jpg 512w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kt-infobox-textcontent"><h2 class="kt-blocks-info-box-title">Frans Vera</h2><p class="kt-blocks-info-box-text">Frans Vera, Dutch ecologist and rewilding pioneer, is renowned for his work at Oostvaardersplassen and his influential book <strong><em>Grazing Ecology and Forest History</em></strong>. He advanced the role of large herbivores in shaping landscapes, inspiring rewilding projects across Europe. His research has redefined conservation, emphasizing natural processes and ecological succession.</p></div></span></div>



<div class="wp-block-kadence-tabs alignnone"><div class="kt-tabs-wrap kt-tabs-id16313_de9079-eb kt-tabs-has-2-tabs kt-active-tab-1 kt-tabs-layout-tabs kt-tabs-tablet-layout-inherit kt-tabs-mobile-layout-inherit kt-tab-alignment-left "><ul class="kt-tabs-title-list"><li id="tab-english" class="kt-title-item kt-title-item-1 kt-tabs-svg-show-always kt-tabs-icon-side-right kt-tab-title-active"><a href="#tab-english" data-tab="1" class="kt-tab-title kt-tab-title-1 "><span class="kt-title-text">English</span></a></li><li id="tab-nederlands" class="kt-title-item kt-title-item-2 kt-tabs-svg-show-always kt-tabs-icon-side-right kt-tab-title-inactive"><a href="#tab-nederlands" data-tab="2" class="kt-tab-title kt-tab-title-2 "><span class="kt-title-text">Nederlands</span></a></li></ul><div class="kt-tabs-content-wrap">
<div class="wp-block-kadence-tab kt-tab-inner-content kt-inner-tab-1 kt-inner-tab16313_37c05b-f0"><div class="kt-tab-inner-content-inner">
<p class="kt-adv-heading16313_47e7f7-64 wp-block-kadence-advancedheading" data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading16313_47e7f7-64"><strong>At the <a href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding-our-world-conference-2025/">Rewilding Our World Conference 2025</a>, leading voices in science, policy, and practice come together to explore how rewilding can restore ecosystems, strengthen resilience, and reshape our relationship with nature. We spoke with Frans Vera to hear his perspective.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>What would you like to share at the Rewilding Our World conference?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I would like to explain how I developed my vision of rewilding – and particularly that, at its core, it is a systems-based approach. Rewilding is not about isolated interventions, but about understanding the interconnectedness between species and their environment. </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Experience has shown that in ecosystems, certain species or conditions are indispensable for the survival of others.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At such a conference, it is, of course, also important to highlight ongoing rewilding projects. But I think it is even more crucial to show the challenges encountered in practice. What should people be aware of? What are the pitfalls?</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Can you give an example</strong><strong>?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What strikes me most is the contrast between the “picture” and the “film” of nature. </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the Oostvaardersplassen, this is very clear. People take a photo – a static snapshot from a dynamic film – and act as if that single image represents the entire moving picture.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">By isolating one image and using it to justify measures, they contradict the processes and traits of the species that drive the “film”. The species are effectively disabled by the picture.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Take, for example, my wood-pasture theory. In the Oostvaardersplassen today, people say, “ we will create a wood-pasture,” but instead of the dynamic mosaic of grasslands, shrubs, thickets, solitary trees, and small woods that spontaneously shifted locations over time under the influence of large grazers, they create a static landscape. They do this by erecting fences that exclude large grazers, planting trees and shrubs that cannot move, keeping grasslands fixed, and heavily culling grazers because, according to the traditional static image of nature, they are considered deadly for shrubs, trees, and thickets. This destroys the very dynamics and role of the large grazers, which are essential to the wood-pasture system.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The dynamic process works like this: large grazers maintain grasslands, where light-demanding thorny shrubs can establish because grazers avoid them. Within these shrubs, trees can grow, forming clusters into thickets as blackthorn spreads clonally in the grazed grassland. These thickets cannot regenerate under continuous grazing, so they eventually revert to grassland. Over time, vegetation shifts location repeatedly, driven by large grazers. The static picture directly opposes this natural dynamism.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>So do you advocate for more&nbsp;</strong><strong>focus on&nbsp;change?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Absolutely. A film implies change, and in traditional conservation, this is almost heretical. Change is quickly seen as loss. But within a system, changes follow repeating patterns. There are peaks and troughs, but the system remains intact because of these repeating patterns. That is where the strength lies.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Have there been discussions with other parties,</strong><strong>&nbsp;for example regarding the&nbsp;future of the&nbsp;Oostvaardersplassen?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Yes, I had a particularly intense discussion with the ARK Foundation about the Oostvaardersplassen. They wanted to convert the entire area – 3,600 ha of marsh and 1,880 ha of dry grassland – into a single large marsh because the marsh and its birds were high on the agenda at that time.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I said, “And what about the tens of thousands of greylag geese that gather on the grasslands before moulting in the marsh? These geese play a key ecological role – they manage the marsh for the marsh-dwelling birds.” You cannot simply remove that grassland to create a marsh, because then the geese, as managers, would disappear.&nbsp;I asked if&nbsp;they&nbsp;should then&nbsp;be sent to farmers outside the nature reserve before and after moulting, to which they gave a negative response.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Everything is interconnected in an ecosystem.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ignoring this means you do not understand the system – and this is reflected in discussions today at the Council of State, Provincial Executive, and Staatsbosbeheer regarding the role of large grazers in the Oostvaardersplassen ecosystem. They are treated as a tool to create a static picture rather than an integral part of a dynamic system.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-kadence-image kb-image16313_9f0647-02 size-full"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="533" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Koniks.webp" alt="Konik horses, Oostvaardersplassem" class="kb-img wp-image-16319" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Koniks.webp 800w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Koniks-300x200.webp 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Koniks-768x512.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption>Konik horses (Photo: YvetteNatuurfotografie / Pixabay)</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>You often stress the importance of systems thinking. What exactly do you mean by that?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is about the complementarity of system components. You cannot isolate or remove one part without affecting the whole. Conversely, introducing or allowing a component to appear spontaneously can create entirely new ecosystem properties. A good example is the concept of emergent properties: the whole is more than the sum of its parts.&nbsp;I often use the analogy of a Boeing 747: its four jet engines together they can fly across the ocean, but one engine alone cannot. Within the aircraft system, the engines gain properties they do not possess individually.&nbsp;This also applies to nature reserves. In an ecosystem, one plus one may not equal two, but three or four.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the Oostvaardersplassen, the moulting greylag geese, the marsh, the grasslands, and large grazers together maintain the marsh. Without grasslands or grazers, the system collapses. The combination of elements generates properties that cannot be derived from the individual components. That is the surprise that rewilding offers.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>And that can lead to unexpected outcomes?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Indeed. For instance, the marsh area with water-level dynamics and grazing geese – only 1.6 times larger than the static marsh – had ten times more breeding bearded tits, albeit in boom-and-bust cycles. Populations surged during marsh drawdown and declined during rising water, repeating over time. This cyclical pattern maintains the population at a level far higher than in a static marsh.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We are used to thinking in boxes: individual species, snapshots. That is how we are trained – think of the Verkade albums. Even cultural landscapes are seen as unchanging pictures. But these are only snapshots in an ever-changing process, like photos taken from a centuries-long film.&nbsp;I often say: looking at the current cultural landscape is like reading the last page of a book with all previous pages torn out. You miss most of the story and its information. Words remain mostly unchanged over centuries, but meanings shift, so by extrapolating modern meanings to the past, we create a completely false picture of history.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>You are well known to many people for your work in the Oostvaardersplassen. Could you tell us how you became involved in that project and how your work has developed over the past decades</strong><strong>?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I am, by background, a birdwatcher, and I wanted to work in nature conservation. That was also why I studied biology. My path towards nature management actually began at secondary school, where I spent more time looking outside than paying attention in class. One day, a PE teacher asked me what I wanted to be later. I said: a steward – spending all day driving around in a jeep seemed fantastic to me. That’s why I went to the Higher Forestry and Environmental Engineering School in Arnhem, but I didn’t find what I was looking for there. Things took a different turn, but my fascination with nature remained, so I eventually studied biology.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">During my studies, I had very little money; I even cancelled my membership of the Dutch Bird Protection Society,&nbsp;only rejoining&nbsp;after graduating.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The first issue of the magazine&nbsp;<em>De Lepelaar</em>&nbsp;that I received in December 1978 was the January 1979 edition. It contained an article by the biologist Ernst Poorter, who worked for the Rijksdienst voor de IJsselmeerpolders (RIJP). In it, he wrote about the Oostvaardersplassen and emphasised that we should not only mourn disappearing nature but also recognise that new natural areas could emerge – such as the Oostvaardersplassen in the newly reclaimed South Flevoland polder of 1968 – and be glad about that.</p>



<p class="has-theme-palette-7-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph"><em><strong>Ernst P. R. Poorter</strong> was a respected ethno-ecologist and conservationist. He became widely known for his work around the Oostvaardersplassen, where he conducted extensive research on the Eurasian spoonbill and advocated for the protection of the area. Poorter’s life’s work is the book Lepelaargewoonten, an impressive scientific account presenting over half a century of research on the behaviour and distribution of the spoonbill, covering sites in the Netherlands, France, Spain, and Africa. The book is richly illustrated and also includes personal anecdotes.</em></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Two things in that article struck me. Firstly, the breeding of the great egret in the Netherlands.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I had mostly known this species from Hungary, and suddenly it was here. Secondly, Poorter wrote that moulting greylag geese acted as natural managers of the area.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">They grazed down the reeds and prevented the marsh from quickly turning into a swamp forest – something that had always been thought inevitable. Traditionally, such marshes are managed by mowing and removing the reeds, but this is expensive and labour-intensive. In the fertile, calcareous clay polders, everything grows very fast and abundantly. Conservationists therefore often considered such areas “wasted habitats,” because they were difficult to manage and thus impossible to maintain.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>And that gave you an idea</strong><strong>?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Yes. Ernst Poorter wrote that a pair of great egrets had bred in the Oostvaardersplassen in 1978 – as far as was known, this had never happened before in the Netherlands. I had also read the&nbsp;<em>Atlas of European Birds</em>&nbsp;by Professor Karel Hendrik Voous, a leading Dutch ornithologist, which showed that the great egret bred in many areas where the spoonbill bred – except in the Netherlands. Both were white birds, not the typically “tropical” white marsh birds often claimed. Historical sources I consulted, such as descriptions of the Goudse Bos, showed that great egrets had indeed occurred and bred here until the 19th century. This led me to interpret the breeding record as a case of recolonisation: a lost species returning now that a large marsh area – the Oostvaardersplassen – existed again for the first time in decades.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I called Poorter and told him how much his article had affected me, particularly his observations of greylag geese as natural managers and the great egret breeding record. I asked why he hadn’t argued in the article for preserving the area as a nature reserve. He replied that his superiors at the RIJP would not allow it. They had even tried to prevent the publication of his article, as they did not want “pot-watchers” in the polder. I suggested he write an article about the Oostvaardersplassen for a magazine that policymakers also read. He agreed and provided me with the data, as I had never been to the area myself. The article appeared in March in the magazine&nbsp;<em>Natuur en Milieu</em>&nbsp;of the Stichting Natuur en Milieu, with a greylag goose on the cover. Its title was&nbsp;<em>The Oostvaardersplassen: A Unique Ecological Experiment</em>. I argued that the area offered a unique opportunity to redevelop an ecosystem that must once have existed widely across the Netherlands as a delta, and that, besides the great egret, both the white-tailed eagle and the osprey could return as breeding birds. The osprey built a nest in 2000 but did not persist. The white-tailed eagle, however, bred successfully in 2006 and is now a permanent breeding species in the Netherlands.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>What happened next</strong><strong>?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Letters arrived from Minister Dany Tuinman (Transport and Water Management) and Han Lammers, then the Landdrost of Flevoland, a kind of provincial commissioner. They were pleased that someone had written positively about the polders, which until then had mostly received complaints from conservationists because the polders had come at the expense of the IJsselmeer and its birds.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Meanwhile, I further studied the ecology of moulting greylag geese. These geese kept the marsh open and prevented the development of swamp forest. During May, June, and July, moulting geese arrive from across Europe to the Oostvaardersplassen to moult their primary feathers, during which they cannot fly for about 30 days. The marsh provides safety and food, but they also need adjacent grasslands to build up energy reserves in the form of body fat before moulting, as the reeds in the marsh are insufficiently nutritious. After moulting, they need these grasslands again to rebuild reserves. Then they depart, returning during autumn migration. This interplay – the complementary roles of marsh and grassland – is essential to sustaining the area and all its bird species.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-kadence-image kb-image16313_6af5dc-b1 size-full"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="533" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-bird.webp" alt="Bird in Oostvaardersplassen" class="kb-img wp-image-16321" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-bird.webp 800w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-bird-300x200.webp 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-bird-768x512.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption>Oostvaardersplassen (Photo: Vincent van Zalinge / Unsplash)</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Did you also get involved in discussions about the design of th</strong><strong>e area?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Well, discussion is perhaps too mild a word – it was more a mix of debate and activism. A railway line was planned from Amsterdam to Lelystad, cutting through the still-undeveloped area adjacent to the 3,600-hectare Oostvaardersplassen marsh. The RIJP had designated it as a temporary nature reserve.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A permanent nature reserve was to be established in the yet-to-be-created Markerwaard polder. At that time, it had no official legal protection; in effect, it was one large, undeveloped part of the polder. Around the marsh, the RIJP had constructed a dike because the marsh risked drying out due to subsidence of the surrounding young clay soils, which were drained for temporary agriculture, causing the land level to drop.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the adjacent undeveloped area, I argued that grassland was needed to sustain the marsh. Together with two friends, Fred Baerselman and Leen de Jong, we said: the planned railway runs straight through a nature reserve.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Rijksdienst said: no, it runs alongside it. In the end, we were proven right: the railway was rerouted, and the marsh and an adjacent dry area, totalling around 5,600 hectares, were designated as a nature reserve. This was partly thanks to a report I wrote for the Ministry of Culture, Recreation, and Social Work (CRM) – which at the time included nature conservation – while I had joined Staatsbosbeheer. My then-boss was not pleased, but it was necessary.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>And then came the idea of introducing large grazers</strong><strong>?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Exactly. The problem was: how do you create and maintain grassland for geese? The prevailing view among conservationists and managers at the time was that grassland did not naturally occur in the Netherlands. Everything in Europe, except for peatlands, was thought to have been covered by forest in a pristine state. So if you wanted grassland in the Oostvaardersplassen for geese, you would need domesticated cows. And if you needed cows, you would need the&nbsp;collaboration of farmers in the&nbsp;Oostvaardersplassen.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But the farmers did not want tens of thousands of greylag geese on their land in May, June, and July, and then tens of thousands more passing through or overwintering in autumn and winter. That leads to conflicts, as we still see today between farmers and geese.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Then I got in touch with Harm van de Veen, who said: what you’re describing about the role of those geese in the marsh, I recognise from the large herbivores everywhere in the world, including the Serengeti in Africa. There, these large grazers play a key role in ecosystem functioning. My reasoning then was: if domestic cows can create grassland for farmers, surely the wild ancestors of those cows – aurochs – could do the same in the wild. But scientists immediately said in unison: that’s impossible, because if you have wild cattle, as we did with aurochs in the past, everything turns into forest. The prevailing idea in science was that Europe, with its large herbivores, was naturally covered by closed forest.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-kadence-image kb-image16313_901e73-43 size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="533" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Konik-Paarden.webp" alt="Konik horses, Oostvaardersplassen" class="kb-img wp-image-16322" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Konik-Paarden.webp 800w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Konik-Paarden-300x200.webp 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Konik-Paarden-768x512.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption>Konik horses in thee Oostvaardersplassen (Photo: Vincent van Zalinge / Unsplash)</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>So you thought differently from many of your colleagues. Can you explain how you arrived at this alternative&nbsp;</strong><strong>perspective?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Yes. In 1983, with Leen de Jong and Fred Baerselman, we said: let’s test this in practice. As a Staatsbosser – I had by then joined the organisation – I purchased Konik horses and Heck cattle abroad using Ministry funds, and wrote that red deer and wild boar should also be part of the ecosystem. Initially, we introduced 32 Heck cattle, 18 Konik horses, and 40 red deer. That marked the beginning of the large grazers story in the Oostvaardersplassen. This sparked fierce debates with paleoecologists about whether Europe had really been covered everywhere by closed forest where large grazers occurred.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">My doctoral thesis addressed this issue. I argued that certain tree species, such as oaks, and almost all native shrubs require significant sunlight to reproduce successfully. In a closed forest, they cannot achieve this. Their seedlings and young trees are&nbsp;supplanted&nbsp;by shade-tolerant species like linden, beech, and hornbeam and are killed by shading. My conclusion was that there was never a continuous closed forest across Europe, but rather a constantly changing mosaic of forest, grassland, and scrub – driven by large grazers.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I developed this idea further in my book <a href="https://rewilding.academy/book/grazing-ecology-and-forest-history/"><em><strong>Grazing Ecology and Forest History</strong></em> </a>(2000), which is still frequently cited. My iconic species has always been the greylag goose: a grazer that functions as a landscape architect in the marsh. Large herbivores such as cattle, horses, wisent, elk, red deer, and wild boar act as landscape architects on land, shaping vegetation development to create and sustain a dynamic, more open landscape – an ecosystem that naturally includes grasslands.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>How did it affect you that so little financial support was given to the Oostvaardersplassen as an ecological corridor to the Veluwe</strong><strong>?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I found that very frustrating, especially as so much money had already been invested. Of the 2,000 hectares, 1,200 had already been purchased. Only Henk Bleker, the then-State Secretary from 14 October 2010 to 5 November 2012 for Economic Affairs, Agriculture, and Innovation in the Rutte I Cabinet, who was responsible for nature, struck it through – thanks to the agricultural lobby – after which the land was sold back to the farmers for far less than its purchase price.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What upset me even more was that opponents of free-roaming large grazers, and of the idea that such fertile areas should include large open grasslands, argued that since the corridor would not be realised, animal numbers should therefore be permanently reduced. Otherwise, they claimed, the animals would starve en masse, because “everything would be left to fend for itself.” This was simply not true.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Two committees of international experts had confirmed that regulation of large grazers should primarily be determined by the available food supply. They recommended that, to prevent unnecessary suffering, grazers in such poor condition that they would not survive the coming spring should be culled. This animal welfare management was called “reactive management,” later refined to “early-reactive management.” They found the Oostvaardersplassen to be capable of sustaining populations of large grazers.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Mortality fluctuated naturally, but one year saw higher deaths than usual – nothing abnormal in nature. Opponents of this management framed it as “mass starvation,” which was not the case. In fact, 89% of deaths resulted from early-reactive management. Nevertheless, this misleading framing led to debates in the Dutch House of Representatives and even death threats directed at me and my family. It was an extremely intense period.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>What do you think was the reason things unfolded this way</strong><strong>?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Sharon Dijksma, the current Mayor of Utrecht, played a major role. Every time animal welfare came up in the Dutch House of Representatives, she eventually said in 2017 that she no longer wanted the Oostvaardersplassen issue to be discussed there. She effectively passed the entire policy – including the management of large grazers – over to the province, to the Provincial Executive of Flevoland, even though animal welfare remained the responsibility of the Ministry.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Provincial Executive then set up a committee in 2018 because they wanted to change the management, even though a Natura 2000 management plan had already been adopted for the Oostvaardersplassen as a Natura 2000 site in 2015, with the approval of the Province of Flevoland, in accordance with the Habitats Directive. They wanted to adjust the management to align with the planned National Park Nieuwland, aiming to make it a tourist attraction for all of Europe. According to the Provincial Executive, management also had to take into account the expansion of Lelystad Airport, in order to move holiday flights from Schiphol there. For that purpose, the runway had already been extended to 1,500 metres, apparently without a nature permit. Naturally, they did not want flocks of geese near such an airport, so various measures were devised to reduce their numbers.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Can you explain those&nbsp;</strong><strong>measures?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The plan was for the grassland to become overgrown and for the number of red deer, Konik horses, and Heck cattle to be permanently reduced from a fluctuating population of more than 3,000 animals to a stable population of 1,100 – either through mass culling or, in the case of the Koniks, potentially relocating them to other nature reserves, or otherwise sending them to the abattoir. Fewer grazers meant less suitable grassland for geese, which was considered better for the aircraft. The latest development is that very noisy new F-35 fighter jets are to be stationed at Lelystad Airport. The Provincial Executive of Flevoland supports this on the condition that the airport is also opened for holiday flights. That is now the agenda.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>What happened&nbsp;</strong><strong>legislatively?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We – that is, Stichting Dierbaar Flevoland and Fauna4Life, not Vogelbescherming – protested against these plans. In November 2019, I prepared a detailed report for the court describing the effects of culling red deer. Curiously, the Netherlands has two forms of permission for measures in a Natura 2000 site: an exemption and a permit, while the European directives only refer to “permission.” In my view, and also according to the European Court of Justice, culling is not allowed because it severely damages the habitat conditions of the designated bird species, but the Council of State disagrees. We won the case concerning the exemption, but the permit, which expired at the end of 2019, was not addressed.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We wanted that permit to be considered, but the court ruled that the province could no longer act based on it, because the exemption had been struck down. The court concluded that we therefore had no standing to have the permit reviewed, as culling was no longer allowed. Subsequently, the Provincial Executive issued a new permit based on the arguments from the expired, unreviewed 2019 permit.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Moreover, the Provincial Executive appealed the court’s decision striking down the exemption. In September 2020, the Council of State ruled that the 2019 permit remained “legally valid,” so the arguments supporting it could also justify the new permit. Everything we had presented was simply dismissed; we were not taken seriously.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>How long did all this take, and what&nbsp;</strong><strong>is your vision for the future?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">More than five and a half years. Only on 28 April 2025 did the Council of State review the 2019 permit, once again siding with the government without addressing any of our arguments. The Council applied&nbsp;an interpretation of the conservation objectives for a Natura 2000 site that, in our opinion, is completely at odds with the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice. We had asked the Council to refer the case to the European Court of Justice, but the Council dismissed this without considering our arguments or providing its own reasoning. They saw no reason to do so – and that is what we&nbsp;were obliged&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">to accept.&nbsp;We will now have to take the case to the European Court of Justice, because that is the only authority the Council of State listens to.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>What exactly is the&nbsp;</strong><strong>conflict?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The conservation objectives that the Council of State uses for assessment are outdated. For example, for the 2018 permit, they based their assessment on data from the Oostvaardersplassen from 1991 and 1993, and further from 2000–2004 – up to 27 years old! This is&nbsp;the data included in the 2009 designation decision for the site as a Natura 2000 area. For instance, the objective for the grey heron as a breeding bird was set at a minimum of 40 breeding pairs, even though the population had already grown to 97 pairs by 2005, long before the designation. The Council therefore considers that, even prior to designation – when, according to the European Court, a deterioration ban applies to conditions created by conservation measures – the population may fall to 40, more than halving it! The Council of State thus rules out any improvement in a Natura 2000 site achieved through conservation measures.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">When the culling began, we argued that it disturbed the breeding of white-tailed eagles. The Provincial Executive said they did not have to take this into account because the species was not listed as a breeding bird in the designation decision, but they did so anyway, because of public attachment to the species.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>How do you view the role of the Council of State in this process?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I don’t see the Council of State as a judicial body. They do not administer justice; they are not&nbsp;impartial. It is&nbsp;not truly&nbsp;an independent court where citizens can seek redress. They are constantly looking for excuses and loopholes to side with the government. Until the European Court decides otherwise, they interpret the Birds and Habitats Directives in their own way – an interpretation that conflicts with the directives themselves and with European Court jurisprudence.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Council’s partiality stems from their belief that the government acts lawfully and implements the law. This means that as a citizen, if you challenge the government, you are at a disadvantage from the outset – even though it has repeatedly been shown that the government circumvents environmental law and violates European law.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>What do you think of media coverage on this issue?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I find it frustrating, for example, to constantly read that the Council of State “rejected” the PAS nitrogen policy. In reality, the European Court of Justice had done this a year earlier, and the Council had no choice but to follow suit, since European law overrides national law. The media themselves do no fact-finding in this area.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Are there other examples?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Yes – for instance, the well-known childcare benefits scandal, where thousands of parents were wrongly accused of fraud, with huge financial and personal consequences. Another example is the wind turbines in Oldambt. In my view, both cases demonstrate that the Council of State does not correctly apply European law.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-kadence-image kb-image16313_4e4028-fa size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="533" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-heck-cattle-oostvaardersplassen.webp" alt="Heck cattle" class="kb-img wp-image-16333" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-heck-cattle-oostvaardersplassen.webp 800w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-heck-cattle-oostvaardersplassen-300x200.webp 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-heck-cattle-oostvaardersplassen-768x512.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption>Heck cattle, Oostvaardersplassen (Photo: Marc Wilbers)</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>What does this mean for the protection of the Oostvaardersplassen?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The European Court states that one must assess the consequences for the environmental conditions present at the time of evaluation – the conditions that sustain the habitats of the designated bird species. These conditions must be maintained. The Council of State, however, often bases its assessments on outdated data, from before conservation measures were established and implemented – even measures intended to improve the situation.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For the Oostvaardersplassen, for example, they look at bird numbers from over 25 years ago.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As the European Court ruled regarding cockle fishing in the Wadden Sea, fishing may not disturb the seabed, because this would impair food conditions for designated bird species. The assessment was based on the conditions at the time the permit was granted, not on outdated data.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Moreover, the European Court rejected arguments from member states claiming that, even after habitat disturbance, bird numbers had not declined or had even increased. The Court deemed this irrelevant, because it is the environmental conditions that matter. Protection must apply before any population decline, as that process can take time, and by the time numbers drop, it may already be too late.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The European Court of Justice clearly states that assessments cannot be based on outdated conditions. The Council of State ignores this and does apply such outdated assessments, thereby obstructing any improvement in a Natura 2000 site.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>So the Council believes that any improvement can be used to offset damage to a natur</strong><strong>al environment?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Exactly – that is their position. In other words, you manage a site to improve its conservation status, and the Council says, “Thank you for that improvement; now I can offset the damage caused by a project against it.”</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Are you personally involved in legal proceedings?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I don’t litigate myself; I assist the foundations Fauna4Life and Dierbaar Flevoland. I provide mainly technical support, since I have extensive knowledge of the Oostvaardersplassen. Without my involvement, it would be difficult for my colleagues to defend their position. I have also studied European Court rulings relating to the Birds and Habitats Directives.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Suppose predators such as wolves arrive in the Oostvaardersplassen – what would that mean for the area?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If I understand the wolf correctly, it will quickly&nbsp;ascertain&nbsp;that there is a fence around the Oostvaardersplassen and drive red deer into it.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Wolves are known to herd their prey toward areas where escape is difficult, such as open water. They will use the marsh to channel prey. Wolves are intelligent hunters and will exploit their environment effectively.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is uncertain whether wolves will reduce the populations of large grazers or just affect the amount of available food. In fact, the Oostvaardersplassen already had a balance between animal numbers and the carrying capacity of the area. Populations fluctuated within a certain range – a so-called dynamic equilibrium. In my view, population regulation is mainly determined by food availability rather than the presence of predators such as wolves. This is also supported by research in the Serengeti, where large predators add pressure, but food is the main determinant of population size for species like wildebeest (comparable to red deer), zebra (comparable to Konik horses), and Cape buffalo (comparable to Heck cattle).&nbsp;Regulation occurs because animals die from insufficient food and fat reserves, and females may skip reproduction if too thin. Ovulation can be delayed for a year if a female is underweight. This naturally slows population growth, keeping numbers within a dynamic balance.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>So wolves do not directly regulate herbivore populations?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Some see wolves as population regulators of large grazers, but I doubt that. Even in Yellowstone National Park, where wolf reintroduction is often cited as causing a 60% decline in elk numbers, the reality was more nuanced. Research showed that population changes were mainly influenced by other factors, such as hunting outside the park and harsh winter mortality. Wolves were only a supplementary factor.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This does not negate that wolves influence prey populations – in terms of health and movement, for example.&nbsp;I do not claim to have all the answers and will be the first to change my view based on what actually happens when wolves are present in the Oostvaardersplassen, the Veluwe, or other areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We should observe wolf populations in nature – that is the ultimate test.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">To avoid conflicts with livestock, hunting of their prey must cease. Hunting removes food from strictly protected wolves. Prey species must be reintroduced where they were displaced and allowed to reach natural densities, rather than being reduced to minimal levels. Death is a natural reality, not only in the wild but also in abattoirs.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Interestingly, wild red deer, horses, and likely cattle enter a kind of hibernation in winter if not supplemented. Metabolism slows, organs shrink, and they forage less. Subcutaneous body temperature may drop to 16°C. They live off fat reserves, and if depleted, they die, often in their sleep. This is natural, though difficult for people to accept.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Mortality primarily affects young and old animals – the young invest in growth and are lower in the social hierarchy, and the old are similarly disadvantaged. These individuals often become prey for wolves.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>You said predation has a facilitating role in ecosystems – can you explain?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Yes – predation mainly influences traits within populations rather than numbers. Wolves typically target weak, sick, old, and young animals. They can also affect the genetic composition of a population. For example, in red deer, one dominant stag may mate with multiple hinds during the rut. After the rut, stags are exhausted and vulnerable, making them easy prey for wolves. This ensures no single stag monopolises reproduction over multiple years, increasing genetic diversity.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The main advantage of predation is that it maintains a healthy population structure, limiting reproduction among weak animals and keeping the population overall healthy.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>How do you view the return of large predators to the&nbsp;</strong><strong>Netherlands?&nbsp;Do you see it positively, or do you expect little&nbsp;change?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We should let ourselves be surprised. No one can predict with certainty what the situation will be in ten years. We know a lot, but also very little, and it is dangerous to assume that past patterns always hold.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Nature may evolve differently than expected, particularly&nbsp;through rewilding.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I always argued that white-tailed eagles could breed in the Oostvaardersplassen. I was laughed at. When I saw the first eagle carrying branches in 2005, there was still doubt about breeding. Experts said it might only occur at Lauwersmeer. Yet in the Oostvaardersplassen, I found the first nest and first successful breeding. By 2024, there were 40 breeding pairs. Juveniles from the Oostvaardersplassen also contributed to the species’ broader establishment in the Netherlands.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This demonstrates that nature sometimes follows its own course, regardless of human expectations.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Do you have examples of unexpected developments in nature that stuck with&nbsp;</strong><strong>you?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The expansion of brown bears in Europe is another example. In Slovenia, the population grew, and bears spread to Austria, where people said they could not survive due to lack of wilderness. Yet brown bears thrived. Now there are dozens of bears in Austria. Wolves in Europe are another example; people claim there is no space for them in the Netherlands, yet the wolves clearly think otherwise.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>If you could choose one wild animal to&nbsp;</strong><strong>complete a Dutch&nbsp;natural habit, which would it be?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For me, the moose. People often think moose belong only in wetlands, but they can also live in coniferous forests, as I have seen near Moscow.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">They shape forest succession by feeding on pine trees. In the Netherlands, with our Scots pine forests, the reintroduction of the moose would fill an ecological role that is currently missing.</p>



<div class="wp-block-kadence-infobox kt-info-box16313_0fd3d8-e1"><a class="kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-top kt-info-halign-center" href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding-our-world-conference-2025/"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media-container"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container"><div class="kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Rewilding-our-World-Conference-Logo-Colour-Transparent-500.png" alt="Rewilding our World" width="500" height="500" class="kt-info-box-image wp-image-15946" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Rewilding-our-World-Conference-Logo-Colour-Transparent-500.png 500w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Rewilding-our-World-Conference-Logo-Colour-Transparent-500-300x300.png 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Rewilding-our-World-Conference-Logo-Colour-Transparent-500-150x150.png 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kt-infobox-textcontent"><h2 class="kt-blocks-info-box-title">20-21 September 2025</h2><p class="kt-blocks-info-box-text">Be part of the dialogue with Frans Vera and others shaping the future of rewilding at the <strong>Rewilding Our World Conference 2025</strong>.</p></div></a></div>
</div></div>



<div class="wp-block-kadence-tab kt-tab-inner-content kt-inner-tab-2 kt-inner-tab16313_27e7f3-fd"><div class="kt-tab-inner-content-inner">
<h1 class="kt-adv-heading16313_95f378-ad wp-block-kadence-advancedheading" data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading16313_95f378-ad">Oostvaardersplassen in de knel: Nederlandse rewilding-pionier Frans Vera over wetgeving en natuurherstel</h1>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Op de <a href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding-our-world-conference-2025/">Rewilding Our World Conferentie 2025</a> komen toonaangevende stemmen uit wetenschap, beleid en praktijk samen om te verkennen hoe rewilding ecosystemen kan herstellen, veerkracht kan versterken en onze relatie met de natuur kan vernieuwen. We spraken met Frans Vera om zijn visie te horen.</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Wat zou u willen vertellen op het Rewilding Our World-congres?</strong><br>Ik zou graag uitleggen hoe ik tot mijn visie op rewilding ben gekomen – en vooral dat het in essentie een systeembenadering is. Rewilding gaat niet over losse ingrepen, maar over het begrijpen van samenhang tussen soorten onderling en hun omgeving. Gebleken is dat in ecosystemen bepaalde soorten/omstandigheden daarin onmisbaar zijn om andere soorten te kunnen laten voortbestaan.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Bij zo’n congres is het natuurlijk ook goed om stil te staan bij lopende projecten op het gebied van rewilding. Maar ik denk dat het nog belangrijker is om te laten zien, waar je bij het realiseren tegenaan loopt? Waar moet je aan denken, wat zijn de valkuilen?</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Kunt u daar een voorbeeld van geven?</strong><br>Wat mij daarbij vooral opvalt, is de tegenstelling tussen het &#8220;plaatje&#8221; en de &#8220;film&#8221; van de natuur. In de Oostvaardersplassen zie je dat bijvoorbeeld goed. Men neemt daar een foto, een stilstaand beeld uit een film die een voortschrijdend dynamisch proces is en doet alsof met dat ene stilstaande beeld de hele film van bewegende beelden is te vangen. Het geheel wordt statisch door maar één beeld uit de film te lichten en dat te maken met allerlei maatregelen die dwars ingaan tegen de processen en de eigenschappen van de soorten die voor de film verantwoordelijk zijn. Zij worden door het plaatje uitgeschakeld.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Neem bijvoorbeeld mijn bosweidetheorie. In de Oostvaardersplassen zeggen ze nu: “we gaan een bosweide maken,” maar van het dynamische bosweidelandschap van in de tijd door grote grazers spontaan van plek graslanden, struiken, struwelen, solitaire bomen en bosschages, maken ze een statisch landschap door hekken te plaatsen waarmee grote grazers worden buiten gesloten en waarbinnen bomen en struiken worden aangeplant die niet van plek mogen veranderen, Graslanden moeten graslanden blijven en struiken en bomen moeten blijven staan waar ze zijn aangeplant en moeten beschermd tegen de grote grazers door ze uit te sluiten en hun aantallen door afschot sterk terug te brengen, omdat ze als gevolg van de traditionele statische plaatje van natuur, juist als dodelijk worden beschouwd voor struiken , bomen en bosschages. Daarmee dood je precies de dynamiek en de rol van de grote grazers die essentieel is voor het bosweidesysteem. Die dynamiek is dat de grote grazers zorgen voor grasland, waarin dan vervolgens de lichtbehoeftige doornige struiken opkomen die worden gemeden door de grote grazers en waarin onder de bescherming van die struiken de bomen opkomen, die kunnen worden geclusterd tot bosschages doordat de sleedoorn zich klonaal in het begraasde grasland uitbreiden. Vervolgens kunnen die bosschages zich niet verjongen doordat de grazers daarbinnen de zaailingen vernietigen, waardoor de bosschages weer in grasland veranderen. Kortom, de begroeiingen wisselen in de loop der tijd steeds van plek, gestuurd door de grote grazers. Het statische plaatje strijdt juist tegen die dynamiek en tegen de grote grazers.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>U pleit dus voor meer aandacht voor verandering?</strong><br>Absoluut. Een film betekent verandering, en dat is in de traditionele natuurbescherming bijna vloeken in de kerk. Verandering wordt al snel gezien als verlies. Maar binnen een systeem voltrekken de veranderingen zich juist in patronen die zich steeds herhalen. Er zijn pieken en dalen, maar het systeem blijft door de zich herhalende patronen intact. Dáár zit de kracht.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-kadence-image kb-image16313_7f311a-2f size-full"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="533" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Koniks.webp" alt="Konik horses, Oostvaardersplassem" class="kb-img wp-image-16319" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Koniks.webp 800w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Koniks-300x200.webp 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Koniks-768x512.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption>Konik horses (Photo: YvetteNatuurfotografie / Pixabay)</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Zijn er discussies geweest met andere partijen, bijvoorbeeld over de Oostvaardersplassen?</strong><br>Jazeker, zo had ik echt een stevige discussie met de Stichting ARK over de Oostvaardersplassen. Ze wilden het hele gebied, dat wil zeggen het moeras van 3.600 ha en het droge grazige deel van 1.880 ha als één geheel omvormen tot één groot moeras, omdat het moeras met als zijn vogels op dat moment hoog op de agenda stond.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Maar ik zei: “En wat doe je dan met de 10.000den grauwe ganzen die zich voor de vleugelrui die ze in het moeras doormaken, zich eerst op het grasland verzamelen voordat ze het moeras ingaan om te ruien? Die ganzen spelen een sleutelrol in het ecologisch functioneren van het moeras – ze beheren het in feite voor de moeras bewonende soorten vogels.”</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Je kunt dat grasland dus niet zomaar weghalen door er moeras van te maken, want dan verdwijnen de grauwe ganzen als de beheerder van het moeras. Moeten ze dan maaqr voor en na de rui naar de boeren toe, buiten het natuurgebied, vroeg ik toen? Daar kwam geen antwoord op. Alles hangt immers in een ecosysteem met alles samen. Als je dat negeert, begrijp je het systeem niet. En dat zie je ook terug in discussies bij de Raad van State, Gedeputeerde Staten en Staatsbosbeheer nu over de rol van de grote grazers in het ecosysteem van de Oostvaardersplassen. Ze worden als een middel gezien omdat statische plaatje te maken en niet als een integraal onderdeel van een dynamisch systeem.&nbsp;</p>



<figure class="wp-block-kadence-image kb-image16313_3ae9ca-13 size-full"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="533" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-bird.webp" alt="Bird in Oostvaardersplassen" class="kb-img wp-image-16321" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-bird.webp 800w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-bird-300x200.webp 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-bird-768x512.webp 768w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption>Oostvaardersplassen (Photo: Vincent van Zalinge / Unsplash)</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>U noemt vaak het belang van systeemdenken. Wat bedoelt u daar precies mee?</strong><br>Het gaat om complementariteit van onderdelen van een systeem. Je kunt er niet zomaar één onderdeel isoleren en eruit halen zonder het geheel te schaden. Omgekeerd ke de introductie of het spontaan verschijnen van één onderdeel zorgen voor heel andere eigenschappen van een ecosysteem. Een mooi voorbeeld daarvan is het concept van emergente eigenschappen van ecosystemen. De emergente eigenschappen van een systeem houden in dat de som van de onderdelen in het ecosysteem meer is dan een simpele optelsom van de afzonderlijke eigenschappen van de afzonderlijke onderdelen van het systeem. Het systeem krijgt nieuwe eigenaschappen die niet uit die afzonderlijke onderdelen zijn af te leiden. Ik noem daarbij als voorbeeld een Boeing 747, die vier straalmotoren heeft. Die vier straalmotoren kunnen als vliegtuigsysteem de oceaan oversteken, maar één motor kan dat op zichzelf niet. Die motor krijgt eigenschappen binnen het systeem van het vliegtuig die het op zichzelf niet heeft.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Dat geldt ook voor natuurgebieden. In een ecosysteem kan zo’n systeem één plus één niet twee, maar drie – of vier zijn. Zo kunnen de Oostvaardersplassen en de ruiende grauwe ganzen in het moeras in combinatie met graslanden en grote grazers het moeras in standhouden, maar zonder die graslanden en grote grazers niet. Dan klapt het hele systeem in elkaar. De combinatie van elementen creëert eigenschappen die je niet kunt afleiden uit de losse onderdelen. Dat is de verrassing die rewilding in petto heeft.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>En dat levert soms verrassingen op?</strong><br>Zeker. Zo blijkt het deel van het moeras dat dynamiek van het waterpeil met grazende grauwe ganzen kende en dat maar 1,6 keer groter was dan het deel waar die die dynamiek achterwege bleef, wel 10 keer zoveel broedende baardmannetjes, zij het in de vorm van&nbsp;<em>boom and bust</em>, d.w.z. dat in het geval van dynamiek van de waterstand een sterke toename optreedt bij droogval van het moeras en een sterke afname bij stijgende waterstanden, waarna weer een toename optreedt bij droogval. Dat is het repeterende patroon bij dynamiek en zo blijft de populatie in stand op een niveau die vele male hoger is dat bij een statische waterstand.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We zijn gewend te denken in hokjes, in afzonderlijke soorten, in plaatjes. Zo zijn we opgevoed en ook wel opgeleid – denk maar aan de Verkade-albums. Ook cultuurlandschappen worden gezien als onveranderlijke plaatjes. Maar dat zijn momentopnames in en proces van een veranderende tijd, foto’s uit een film die vele eeuwen duurde.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ik zeg vaak: als je naar het huidige cultuurlandschap kijkt, zie je de laatste bladzijde van een boek, waaruit de voorafgaande bladzijden zijn uitgescheurd. Je mist een groot deel van het verhaal, en van de informatie daarin, waarbij ook de woorden in het verhaal een belangrijke rol spelen. Woorden blijven door de eeuwen heen min of meer hetzelfde, terwijl de betekenis verandert, waardoor we ook informatie kwijtraken en door een moderne betekenis klakkeloos naar het verleden te extrapoleren we een totaal vals beeld van dat verleden scheppen.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Je bent voor veel mensen bekend van de Oostvaardersplassen. Kun je vertellen hoe je destijds bij dat project betrokken bent geraakt, en hoe je werk zich in de afgelopen decennia heeft ontwikkeld?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ik ben van huis uit een vogelaar, en ik wilde in de natuurbescherming werken. Dat was ook de reden dat ik biologie ben gaan studeren. Eigenlijk begon mijn pad richting natuurbeheer al op de middelbare school, waar ik vaker naar buiten keek dan op te letten in de les. Op de middelbare school vroeg een gymleraar mij eens wat ik later wilde worden. Ik zei: rentmeester – de hele dag in een jeep rondrijden leek me fantastisch. Daarom ging ik naar de Hogere Bosbouw- en Cultuurtechnische School in Arnhem, maar vond daar niet wat ik zocht. Het liep anders, maar mijn fascinatie voor natuur bleef. Daarom ging ik uiteindelijk biologie studeren.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Tijdens mijn studie had ik weinig geld; ik had zelfs mijn lidmaatschap van Vogelbescherming opgezegd. Pas na mijn afstuderen werd ik weer lid. Het eerste nummer van het tijdschrift&nbsp;<em>De Lepelaar</em>&nbsp;dat ik in december 1978 ontving, was het van januari 1979. Daarin stond een artikel van de bioloog Ernst Poorter, werkzaam bij de Rijksdienst voor de IJsselmeerpolders (RIJP). Hij schreef daarin over de Oostvaardersplassen en benadrukte dat we niet alleen moesten rouwen om natuur die verdwijnt, maar dat er ook nieuwe natuurgebieden konden ontstaan, zoals de Oostvaardersplassen in de nieuwe in 1968 drooggelegde polder Zuid-Flevoland en daar ook blij om mochten zijn.</p>



<p class="has-theme-palette-7-background-color has-background wp-block-paragraph"><em><strong>Ernst P. R. Poorter</strong> was een gerespecteerde etho-oecoloog en natuurbeschermer. Hij heeft grote bekendheid verworven met zijn werk rondom de Oostvaardersplassen, waar hij uitgebreid onderzoek deed naar de Lepelaar en zich inzette voor bescherming van dat gebied. Poorter’s levenswerk is het boek Lepelaargewoonten, een indrukwekkend, wetenschappelijk verslag waarin hij meer dan een halve eeuw onderzoek naar het gedrag en voorkomen van de lepelaar presenteert. Dit onderzoek strekt zich uit over gebieden in Nederland, Frankrijk, Spanje én Afrika. Het boek is rijk geïllustreerd en bevat ook persoonlijke anekdotes.</em></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Twee dingen in dat artikel troffen mij. Ten eerste: het broedgeval van de grote zilverreiger in Nederland. Ik kende die soort vooral uit Hongarije, en ineens zat hij hier. Ten tweede: Poorter schreef dat ruiende grauwe ganzen in het gebied fungeerden als natuurlijke beheerders. Ze vraten het riet weg en voorkwamen dat het moeras zich snel tot moerasbos ontwikkelde, iets waarvan altijd werd gedacht dat het onvermijdelijk was. Om dat te voorkomen is het klassieke beheer van zulke moerasgebieden het maaien en afvoeren van het riet. Riet maaien is echter duur en arbeidsintensief, en in de vruchtbare polders met kalkrijke klei groeit alles enorm snel en met heel veel. Natuurbeschermers zagen dat soort gebieden daarom vaak als ‘weggegooide biotopen’, omdat ze niet te beheren en dus niet te behouden zouden zijn.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>En dat bracht je op een idee?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ja. Over de Oostvaardersplassen schreef de bioloog Ernst Poorter dat daar in 1978 een paartje grote zilverreigers had gebroed. Dat was, voor zover men toen wist, nog nooit eerder in Nederland gebeurd. Ik had ook de&nbsp;<em>Atlas van de Europese Vogels</em>&nbsp;van professor Karel Hendrik Voous (nestor van de Nederlandse ornithology) gelezen, waarin ik zag dat de grote zilverreiger in veel gebieden broedde waar ook de lepelaar broedde – behalve in Nederland. Allebei witte vogels, dus niet typisch tropisch wat vaak werd gezegd van witte moerasvogels. Historische bronnen die ik raadpleegde, zoals beschrijvingen van het Goudse Bos, maakten duidelijk dat grote zilverreigers hier vroeger wel voorkwamen en broedden, namelijk. tot in de 19<sup>de</sup>&nbsp;eeuw. Dat betekende dat ik het broedgeval uitlegde als dat er sprake was van herkolonisatie: een verdwenen soort keerde terug, nu er weer voor het eerst in decennia een groot moerasgebied in Nederland aanwezig was in de vorm van de Oostvaardersplassen..</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ik belde Poorter op en vertelde hem hoe zijn artikel mij had geraakt, vooral ook zijn observatie over de grauwe ganzen als natuurlijke beheerders en het broedgeval van de grote zilverreiger. Ik vroeg hem waarom hij in het artikel niet bepleitte het gebeid als natuurgebied te behouden? Hij antwoordde dat dit van zijn bazen bij de RIJP niet mocht. Ze hadden zelfs geprobeerd de publicatie van zijn artikel tegen te houden, want ze wilden geen pottekijkers in de polder. Ik stelde hem voor om zelf een artikel over de Oostvaardersplassen te schrijven, maar dan in een blad dat ook bestuurders lazen. Dat vond hij prima en hij leverde mij daarvoor de gegevens, want ik was nog nooit in of bij het gebied geweest. Dat werd het blad&nbsp;<em>Natuur en Milieu van de Stichting Natuur en Milieu</em>. Het artikel verscheen in maart, met een grauwe gans op de cover. Het had als titel: De Oostvaardersplassen, uniek oecologisch experiment. Ik stelde daarin dat het gebied de unieke kans bood een ecosysteem dat vroeger overal in Nederland als delta aanwezig moet zijn geweest, opnieuw tot ontwikkeling te laten komen en dat behalve de grote zilverreiger ook de zeearend en de visarend als broedvogels in Nederland zouden kunnen terugkeren. De visarend bouwde in 2000 er een nets, maar zette niet door. De zeearend daarentegen kwam in 2006 tot broeden en is nu een in Nederland definitief teruggekeerde broedvogel.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Wat gebeurde er daarna?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Er kwamen brieven van minister Dany Tuinman (Verkeer en Waterstaat) en van Han Lammers, destijds de landdrost van Flevoland, een soort Commissaris van de Koningin. Eindelijk, vonden zij, schreef iemand eens iets positief over de polders, waarover tot dan toe vanuit de natuurbescherming alleen maar werd gemopperd, want die polders gingen ten koste van het IJsselmeer met zijn vogels.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Intussen verdiepte ik me verder in de ecologie van de ruiende grauwe ganzen. Het waren namelijk ruiende grauwe ganzen die het moeras openhielden, en voorkwamen dat het moerasbos werd. De ruiers kwamen in de maanden mei, juni en juli uit heel Europe naar de Oostvaardersplassen toe, om in het moeras hun handpennen te ruien; ze kunnen dan ongeveer 30 dagen niet vliegen. Het moeras biedt ze dan veiligheid en voedsel, maar ze hebben voor die rui ook graslanden nodig, buiten en grenzend aan het moeras, om grazend energie in de vorm van lichaamsvet op te bouwen vóór de rui, omdat riet in het moeras zelf te weinig voedingswaarde heeft om die rui door te maken. Ook na de rui hebben ze die graslanden nodig om weer vet te vormen, omdat ze in het moeras bij de rui hebben ingeteerd op hun reserves. Daarna trekken ze weer weg om weer terug te keren op de doortrek in de herfst. Die wisselwerking, die aanvullende werking van graslanden op het moeras, de complementariteit van die twee typen gebieden, was en is nodig om het gebied met al zijn vogelsoorten ook in het moeras te kunnen laten voortbestaan.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Je ging toen ook het gesprek aan over de inrichting van het gebied?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Nou gesprek, het was meer een discussie en actievoeren. Er was een spoorlijn gepland van Amsterdam naar Lelystad, dwars door het nog onontgonnen gebied, grenzend aan het moeras Oostvaardersplassen van 3.600 ha groot. De RIJP had het tot tijdelijk natuurgebied benoemd. Een permanent natuurgebied moest dan in de nog aan te leggen Markerwaard komen. Het had toen geen officiële, wettelijke bescherming. In feite was er sprake van één groot onontgonnen deel van de polder. Om dat moeras heen was door de RIJP een kade gelegd, omdat het moeras dreigde uit te drogen door inklinking van de omliggende jonge kleigronden die werden ontwaterd ten behoeve van tijdelijke landbouw, waardoor hun ligging daalde door klink.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In het aangrenzende onontgonnen deel moest volgens mij grasland komen, om het moeras te kunnen behouden. Samen met twee vrienden, Fred Baerselman en Leen de Jong, zeiden wij: die geplande spoorlijn loopt dwars door een natuurgebied. De Rijksdienst zei: nee, hij loopt erlangs. Uiteindelijk kregen wij gelijk en is de spoorlijn verschoven en werd moeras en een aangrenzend droog deel van in totaal zo’n 5.600 ha tot natuurgebied bestemd, mede dankzij een rapport dat ik, in dienst getreden bij het Staatsbosbeheer schreef, in opdracht van het Ministerie van Cultuur, Recreatie en Maatschappelijk werk (CRM), waar toen natuurbescherming onder viel – tot ongenoegen van mijn toenmalige baas bij het Staatsbosbeheer – maar het was nodig.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>En toen kwam het idee van de grote grazers?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Precies. Het probleem was: hoe krijg je grasland voor ganzen en hoe houdt je dat in stand? De algemene opvatting bij natuurbeschermers – en beheerders was toen: grasland komt van nature in Nederland niet voor. Alles in Europa, op venen na, zou in de ongerepte toestand van de natuur, bedekt zijn met bos. Als je grasland in de Oostvaardersplassen wilt voor ganzen, dan heb je huiskoeien nodig en als je huiskoeien nodig hebt, dan heb je boeren in de Oostvaardersplassen nodig. Maar als je boeren hebt; die willen geen 10-duizenden grauwe ganzen in mei, juni en juli op hun land en dan ook nog eens in het najaar en in de winter 10-duizenden doortrekkende en overwinterende ganzen. Dat geeft conflicten, zoals we die nu ook kennen tussen boeren en ganzen.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Toen kwam ik in contact met Harm van de Veen, die zei: wat jij beschrijft over de rol van die ganzen in het moeras, dat ken ik van de grote planteneters overal in de wereld, waaronder in de Serengeti in Afrika. Daar spelen die grote grazers een sleutelrol in het functioneren van het ecosysteem. Daarop was vervolgens mijn redenering: als huiskoeien van boeren grasland kunnen maken, dan moeten de wilde voorouders van die huiskoeien, de oerrunderen dat zonder boeren ook in het wild hebben gekund. Maar toen riepen wetenschappers in koor: dat kan niet, want als je wilde runderen hebt, zoals we die vroeger hadden met de oerrunderen, dan wordt alles bos, weten we uit het verleden. Want het heersende idee in de wetenschap was, dat Europa met als zijn grote grazers van nature bedekt was met gesloten bos.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-kadence-image kb-image16313_791b9a-cb size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="533" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Konik-Paarden.webp" alt="Konik horses, Oostvaardersplassen" class="kb-img wp-image-16322" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Konik-Paarden.webp 800w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Konik-Paarden-300x200.webp 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-Konik-Paarden-768x512.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption>Konik horses in thee Oostvaardersplassen (Photo: Vincent van Zalinge / Unsplash)</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Je dacht daar dus anders over dan veel van je collega-wetenschappers. Kun je uitleggen hoe je tot die andere visie kwam?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ja, met Leen de Jong en Fred Baerselman zeiden we in 1983, laten we dat dan maar eens toetsen in de praktijk. Als Staatsbosser, ik was intussen daar intussen bij in dient gekomen, kocht ik met geld van het ministerie in het buitenland konikpaarden en Heckrunderen, en schreef dat er ook edelherten en wilde zwijnen in het gebied zouden moeten komen als onderdeel van het ecosysteem. We brachten aanvankelijk 32 heckrunderen, achttien konikpaarden en veertig edelherten en dat werd het begin van het grote-grazersverhaal in de Oostvaardersplassen. Dit leidde tot felle discussies met paleo-ecologen over de vraag of er in Europa werkelijk overal een gesloten bos was geweest waar grote grazers voorkwamen.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Mijn proefschrift ging over die kwestie. Ik stelde daarin dat bepaalde boomsoorten, zoals eiken, en vrijwel alle soorten inheemse struiken, veel daglicht nodig hebben, om zich succesvol te kunnen voortplanten. In een gesloten bos kunnen ze dat niet. Hun zaailingen en jonge boompjes raken overgroeid door schaduw verdragende soorten bomen als linde, beuk en haagbeuk en worden door hun schaduw gedood. Mijn stelling was dat er nooit overal gesloten bos is geweest, maar een zich voortdurende wijzigend mozaïeklandschap van bos, grasland en struweel – aangestuurd door grote grazers.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Dat idee werkte ik verder uit in mijn boek <em><a href="https://rewilding.academy/book/grazing-ecology-and-forest-history/"><strong>Grazing Ecology and Forest History</strong></a></em> (2000), dat nog steeds vaak wordt aangehaald. Eigenlijk is mijn icoonsoort altijd de grauwe gans geweest: een grazer die in het moeras fungeert als landschapsarchitect. Grote grazers als rund, paard, wisent, eland, edelhert en wild zwijn zijn de landschapsarchitecten op het land en sturen daar de ontwikkeling van de begroeiing, waardoor een dynamisch, meer open landschap ontstaat en kan voortbestaan, een ecosysteem met van nature ook graslanden.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Hoe raakte het je dat er zo weinig financiële steun was voor het gedachtegoed van de Oostvaardersplassen als verbinding naar de Veluwe?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ja, dat vond ik erg, vooral omdat er al veel geld in was gestoken. Van de 2000 ha was al 1200 ha aangekocht. Alleen Henk Bleker, de toenmalige staatssecretaris van 14 oktober 2010 tot 5 november 2012 van Economische Zaken, Landbouw en Innovatie in het kabinet-Rutte I, die over natuur ging, haalde er dankzij de landbouwlobby een streep door, waarna de grond weer werd terug verkocht aan de boeren voor veel minder dan de aankoopprijs.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Veel erger vond ik dat tegenstanders van de wild levende grote grazers en de idee dat in zo’n vruchtbaar gebied daar grote open vlaktes grasland bij hoorden, zeiden dat, nu die verbinding er toch niet kwam, de aantallen dieren dus permanent sterk naar beneden moesten worden gebracht, omdat ze anders massaal in het gebied zouden verhongeren, want, zeiden ze, men liet daar maar de boel de boel. Daar was niets van waar.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Twee commissies van internationale deskundigen hadden onderschreven dat deregulatie van de aantallen grote grazers vooral gebeurde door de beschikbare hoeveelheid voedsel. Zij stelden dat, om onnodig lijden te voorkomen, grazers die door gebrek aan voedsel in een zodanig slechte conditie waren gekomen dat ze het aankomende voorjaar niet zouden halen, moesten worden doodgeschoten. Dat beheer t.b.v. dierenwelzijn heette reactief beheer, dat later werd aangescherpt tot vroeg-reactief beheer. Zij vonden dat de Oostvaardersplassen draagkrachtig genoeg waren voor zichzelf instandhouden populaties grote grazers.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Het aantal sterfgevallen fluctueerde op een natuurlijke manier, maar er kwam toen ook een jaar dat de sterfte groter was dan anders, overigens niets abnormaals in de natuur. Maar dat werd door tegenstanders van dit beheer geframed als massale verhongering, wat het dus niet was. Immers 89% van de dieren die stierven, waren gestorven door dat vroeg reactieve beheer. Niettemin leidde die onjuiste framing tot discussies tot in de Tweede Kamer en tot doodsbedreiging en aan mij en mijn gezin. Het was een ontzettend heftige tijd.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Wat was volgens jou de reden dat dit zo is gelopen?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Sharon Dijksma, de huidige burgemeester van Utrecht, speelde daarin een grote rol. Elke keer kwam het dierenwelzijn in de Tweede Kamer aan de orde, en toen zei zij in 2017 op een gegeven moment dat ze niet meer wilde dat het in de Tweede Kamer nog over de Oostvaardersplassen zou gaan. Ze gooide het hele beleid, dus ook over de grote grazers, over de heg naar de provincie, naar Gedeputeerde Staten van Flevoland toe, terwijl het dierenwelzijn gewoon een verantwoordelijkheid was en bleef van het ministerie.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Gedeputeerde Staten stelden toen in 2018 een commissie in, omdat ze vonden dat het beheer moest veranderen, hoewel er voor dat beheer in 2015, nota bene met instemming van de Provincie Flevoland, een Natura 2000-beheersplan was vastgesteld voor de Oostvaardersplassen als Natura 2000-gebied, op basis van de habitatrichtlijn. Ze wilden het beheer veranderen om het af te stemmen op het op te richten Nationaal Park Nieuwland om er een toeristische trekpleister te maken voor heel Europa, en het beheer moest volgens GS ook rekening gaan houden met de uitbreiding van vliegveld Lelystad, om de vakantievluchten van Schiphol daarnaar te verplaatsen. Daarvoor was de start- en landingsbaan, volgens mij zonder natuurvergunning, al verlengd tot 1.500 meter. Je wilt daarbij natuurlijk geen wolken ganzen rond zo’n vliegveld, dus bedacht men allerlei maatregelen om die aantallen ganzen te verminderen.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Kun je iets vertellen over die maatregelen?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Het grasland moet verruigen en het aantal edelherten, koniks en Heckrunderen moet permanent omlaag van een fluctuerende populatie tot aan meer dan 3000 dieren naar een permanent stabiele populatie van 1100 dieren, door ze massaal af te schieten of – in het geval van de koniks – ze mogelijk te verplaatsen naar andere natuurgebieden en anders naar het abattoir. Minder grazers, betekent minder voor ganzen geschikt grasland, dus goed voor de vliegtuigen. De nieuwste ontwikkeling is nu dat ze op vliegveld Lelystad de zeer lawaaierige, nieuwe F35-straaljagers willen stationeren. Gedeputeerde Staten in Flevoland willen dat wel op voorwaarde dat het vliegveld ook voor vakantievluchten wordt geopend. Dat is nu de agenda.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Wat gebeurde er juridisch?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Wij, dat wil zeggen, de Stichting Dierbaar Flevoland en Fauna4Life, en dus niet Vogelbescherming, protesteerden tegen die plannen. Daarvoor heb ik had in november 2019 een uitgebreid verhaal geschreven voor de rechtbank, waarin ik de effecten van het afschot van edelherten beschreef. Merkwaardigerwijze hebben wij in Nederland twee vormen van toestemming voor maatregelen in een Natura 2000-gebied: een ontheffing en een vergunning, terwijl de Europese richtlijnen alleen over toestemming spreken. Mijns inziens en ook van het Europese Hof van Justitie mag dat afschot niet, omdat het de conditie voor de habitats van de aangewezen vogelsoorten ernstig schaadt, maar de Raad van State meent van wel. We wonnen de zaak over de ontheffing, maar de vergunning als toestemming, die eind 2019 afliep, werd niet behandeld.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Wij wilden dat die vergunning ook werd behandeld, maar de rechtbank zei dat de provincie toch niets meer kon doen op basis van die vergunning, omdat de rechtbank een streep had gehaald door de ontheffing. De rechtbank vond dat we daarom geen belang meer hadden bij het behandelen van de vergunning, want er mocht immers toch niet worden geschoten, want de ontheffing was van tafel. Vervolgens stelden Gedeputeerde Staten na afloop van die vergunning op grond van de argumenten van die afgelopen, door de rechtbank niet behandelde vergunning een nieuwe vergunning vast.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Gedeputeerde staten gingen bovendien in beroep bij de Raad van State tegen de streep door de ontheffing. Vervolgens stelde de Raad van State in haar uitspraak over dat hoger beroep daarover in september 2020 dat de vergunning die eind 2019 afliep “in rechte” in stand was gebleven en daarom de argumenten daarvoor ook prima waren als onderbouwing, nu dus ook weer voor de nieuwe vergunning. Wat wij hadden ingebracht werd de Raad van Staten gewoon van tafel geveegd, we werden gewoon niet serieus genomen.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Hoe lang heeft dat allemaal geduurd en hoe zie je de toekomst?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Meer dan vijf en een half jaar. Pas op 28 april 2025 behandelde de Raad van Staten de vergunning uit 2019 en heeft de Raad gewoon weer de overheid gelijk te geven, zonder ook maar op onze argumenten in te gaan. Daarbij hanteert de Raad van State een uitleg van de instandhoudingsdoelstellingen voor een Natura 2000-gebied geld, die volgens ons volkomen in strijd is met de jurisprudentie van het Europese Hof van Justitie. We hadden de Raad gevraagd de zaak daarom bij het Europese Hof van justitie voor te leggen, maar de Raad veegde dat zonder op onze argumenten in te gaan en zonder eigen argumentatie gewoon van tafel. Ze zagen er geen aanleiding toe, was het waar we het maar mee moeten doen.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We zullen nu bij het Europese Hof moeten zien te komen, want daar moet de Raad van State naar luisteren en daar luister ze ook alleen maar naar.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Wat houdt die strijdigheid precies in?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">De instandhoudingsdoelstellingen waar de Raad van State aan toetst, zijn bijvoorbeeld sterk verouderd. Ze vonden dat voor de vergunning uit 2018 werd getoetst in aan data van de Oostvaardersplassen uit de jaren 1991 en 1993 en verder aan de jaren 2000-2004, dus die tot 27 oud, dus zwaar verouderd waren! Het zijn deze data die in het aanwijzingsbesluit uit 2009 voor het gebied als Natura 2000-gebied uit 2009 staan. Daarin staat bijvoorbeeld dat als doelstelling voor de grote zilverreiger als broedvogel is dat er tenminste 40 broedparen in het gebied moeten zijn, terwijl het aantal in 2005, dus ver voor de aanwijzing, al was gegroeid tot 97 broedparen. De Raad vindt dus dat al voor de aanwijzing, waarin nota bene volgens het Europese Hof een verslechteringverbod geldt van de situatie die is ontstaan door het toepassen van instandhoudingsmaatregelen, het aantal mag afnemen tot 40, een meer dan een halvering dus!!! De Raad van State sluit dus elke verbetering in een Natura 2000-gebied na de aanwijzing en door het toepassen van instandhoudingsmaatregelen van Natura 2000-gebieden voor verbetering van de staat van instandhouding uit.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Toen het afschot begon, zeiden wij dat dat het broeden van zeearenden verstoorde. Gedeputeerde Staten zei dat ze daar geen rekening mee hoefden te worden gehouden omdat ze niet in het aanwijzingsbesluit als broedvogel stonden, maar ze deden het wel omdat iedereen zo aan die soort hecht.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Hoe kijk je aan tegen de rol van de Raad van State in dit proces?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ik vind dat de Raad van State geen rechtsinstantie is. Ze spreken geen recht, maar zijn partijdig. Het is geen echt onafhankelijke rechtsinstantie waar je als burger je recht kunt halen. Ze zoeken voortdurend smoezen en geitenpaadjes om de overheid gelijk te geven. Tot aan het moment dat het Europese Hof anders beslist, geven ze hun eigen uitleg aan de vogel- en habitatrichtlijn, een uitleg die strijdig is met die richtlijnen en de jurisprudentie van het Europese Hof.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">De partijdigheid van de Raad van State komt voort uit dat zij vindt dat de overheid rechtmatig werk gaat en de wet uitvoert. Dat betekent dus dat je als burger, wanneer je tegen de overheid in het geweer komt, je van het begin af aan in het nadeel bent, nota bene terwijl al keer op keer is gebleken dat de overheid inzake natuur en milieu de wet omzeilt en tegen Europees recht ingaat.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Wat vind je van de berichtgeving hierover in de media?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ik vind het frustrerend als ik bijvoorbeeld voortdurend lees dat de Raad van State het stikstofbeleid van de PAS heeft afgewezen. Dat heeft het Europese Hof van Justitie een jaar eerder gedaan, waarna de Raad van State niet anders kon dat dit ook te doen, want Europees recht gaat boven nationaal recht. De media doen zelf niet aan waarheidsvinding op dit gebied.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Zijn er nog andere voorbeelden?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ja, bijvoorbeeld de bekende toeslagenaffaire, waarbij duizenden ouders onterecht werden beschuldigd van fraude met kinderopvangtoeslag, met enorme financiële en persoonlijke gevolgen. Daarnaast de windmolens bij Oldambt; beide gevallen zijn volgens mij voorbeelden waarbij de Raad van State het Europese recht niet goed toepast.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-kadence-image kb-image16313_b42e29-da size-full"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="800" height="533" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-heck-cattle-oostvaardersplassen.webp" alt="Heck cattle" class="kb-img wp-image-16333" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-heck-cattle-oostvaardersplassen.webp 800w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-heck-cattle-oostvaardersplassen-300x200.webp 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Frans-Vera-heck-cattle-oostvaardersplassen-768x512.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /><figcaption>Heck cattle, Oostvaardersplassen (Photo: Marc Wilbers)</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Wat betekent dit voor de bescherming van de Oostvaardersplassen?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Het Europese Hof stelt dat je moet beoordelen wat de gevolgen zijn voor de milieuomstandigheden die ten tijde van de beoordeling aanwezig zijn; dus de condities die zorgen voor de habitats van de aangewezen vogelsoorten op dat moment. Die condities moeten instand worden gehouden. De Raad van State vindt dat anders en beoordeelt vaak aan de hand van sterk verouderde gegevens, van vóór het vaststellen en uitvoeren van instandhoudingsmaatregelen — ook maatregelen die juist tot verbetering zouden moeten leiden. Zo wordt er bij de Oostvaardersplassen bijvoorbeeld gekeken naar aantallen vogels van meer dan 25 jaar geleden.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Zoals het Europese Hof bepaalde bij de kokkelvisserij in de Waddenzee, mocht door die visserij de bodem als milieuomstandigheid niet meer worden omgewoeld, omdat dit de voedselomstandigheden voor aangewezen vogelsoorten aantastte. Dit werd getoetst aan de situatie ten tijde van het verlenen van de vergunning, niet aan sterk verouderde gegevens.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Sterker nog, het Europese Hof heeft argumenten van lidstaten afgewezen die stelden dat, zelfs na aantasting van habitats van aangewezen soorten, de aantallen van de vogels niet waren gedaald of zelfs waren toegenomen. Dat is volgens het hof irrelevant, omdat het gaat om de milieuomstandigheden. De bescherming daarvan geldt al voordat eventueel de aantallen afnemen, omdat dat proces enige tijd kan duren en je dan te laat bent.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Het Europese Hof van Justitie stelt duidelijk dat je niet mag toetsen aan verouderde omstandigheden. De Raad van State negeert dit echter en past deze toetsing wél toe, waardoor elke verbetering in een Natura 2000-gebied wordt belemmerd.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>De Raad van State vindt dus dat elke verbetering gebruikt mag worden om schade aan een natuurgebied te compenseren?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Precies, dat is hun standpunt. Met andere woorden: je beheert om de staat van instandhouding van een gebied te verbeteren en dan zegt de Raad, dank u wel voor die verbetering, dan kan ik de schade die een plan of een project toebrengt aan een gebied daartegen wegstrepen.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Jij bent betrokken bij procedures hierover?&nbsp;</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ik procedeer zelf niet, ik assisteer de stichtingen Fauna4Life en Dierbaar Flevoland.<strong>&nbsp;</strong>Ik ondersteun hen vooral inhoudelijk, omdat ik veel kennis heb van de Oostvaardersplassen. Als ik er niet bij betrokken was, zou het voor die collega’s lastig zijn om zich staande te houden. Daarbij komt dat ik mij ook verdiept heb in de arresten van het Europese Hof mb.t. de vogel- en habitatrichtlijn.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Stel, er komen straks predatoren zoals wolven in de Oostvaardersplassen, wat zou dat betekenen voor het gebied?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Als ik de wolf goed inschat, zal hij heel snel ontdekken dat er een raster rondom de Oostvaardersplassen staat en dat hij de edelherten daarheen kan drijven. Het is bekend dat wolven hun prooi in de richting drijven, waar ze minder of niet meer uit de voeten kunnen, zoals open water. Hij zal dus gebruik maken van het moeras om de prooidieren daarheen te jagen. Wolven zijn slimme jagers en zullen die omgeving heel goed benutten.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Daarbij is het wel de vraag of wolven de aantallen grote grazers omlaag zullen brengen en niet alleen de hoeveelheid beschikbaar voedsel voor de grazers. In feite was er in de Oostvaardersplassen sprake van een evenwicht van de aantallen met de draagkracht van het gebied. Dat betekent dat de populaties in hun aantal niet een rechte lijn vormden, maar dat er fluctuaties waren binnen een bepaalde bandbreedte, een zgn. dynamisch evenwicht. Mijns inziens wordt de regulatie van populaties vooral bepaald door de hoeveelheid voedsel die in het gebied beschikbaar is en niet zozeer door de aanwezigheid van predatoren als de wolf. Dit blijkt ook uit onderzoek in de Serengeti, waar grote predatoren vooral een rol spelen als extra druk, maar de belangrijkste factor voor populatiegrootte voedsel is voor soorten als gnoe (qua grootte vergelijkbaar met ons edelhert), zebra (vergelijkbaar met de konik) en de Kaapse buffel (vergelijkbaar met het Heckrund).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">De regulatie is dat dieren sterven doordat ze te weinig voedsel en vet hebben, maar ook dat vrouwelijke dieren door vermagering niet elk jaar een jong krijgen. De eisprong blijft een jaar uit als ze te mager zijn. Hierdoor neemt de groei van de populatie af. Dat zijn natuurlijke regulatiemechanismen die de populatie op een bepaald dynamisch niveau houden.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Dus de wolf reguleert niet de populatie van herbivoren in directe zin?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Sommige mensen zien de wolf als een aantalsregulator van grote grazers, maar ik vraag mij dat af. Ook in het Yellowstone Nationaal Park, waar de herintroductie van de wolf vaak wordt aangehaald als de oorzaak van een afname van het aantal wapiti’s (het Amerikaanse edelhert) met 60% afnam, bleek het verhaal genuanceerder. Onderzoek toonde aan dat de populatie van dat aantal herten vooral werd bepaald door andere factoren, zoals de jacht buiten het park, waar de wapiti’s in de winter het park uit, naar toe trekken. Ook sterfte in strenge winters was bepalend. Op de sterfte door die factoren waren de wolven volgens dit onderzoek alleen maar aanvullend.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Dat doet natuurlijk niets af aan het feit dat wolven wel een rol spelen in populaties prooidieren, zoals op het gebied van gezondheid en dat ze de dieren in beweging brengen en houden.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Nu heb ik de wijsheid niet in pacht, en zal daarom de eerste zijn om van mening te veranderen op basis van wat er in de Oostvaardersplassen zal gebeuren als daar wolven zijn, of op de Veluwe en op andere plekken waar wolven zijn teruggekeerd. Laten we dus vooral kijken naar wat er nu gebeurt met wolven in natuurgebieden. Dat is uiteindelijk de lakmoesproef.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Om dan geen problemen te hebben met vee, moeten we dan wel de jacht op hun prooidieren staken. Door jacht stoten we de streng beschermde wolf het brood, het vlees uit de mond, uit de bek. Ook moeten we hun prooidieren herintroduceren in gebieden waar we ze verdreven en moeten de prooidieren tot natuurlijke dichtheden kunnen groeien en niet door jacht tot homeopathische dichtheden worden teruggebracht en in stand worden gehouden. Dat dieren sterven is natuurlijk geen leuk verhaal om te vertellen, maar het is wel de harde realiteit, niet alleen in de natuur, maar ook in het abattoir.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Interessant is dat wildlevende edelherten, paarden en waarschijnlijk ook runderen in de winter in het geval ze niet worden bijgevoerd, in een soort winterslaap komen. Hun stofwisseling daalt aanzienlijk, hun organen slinken en ze gaan ook minder vaak voedsel zoeken. Onderhuids kan de lichaamstemperatuur tot wel 16<sup>0</sup>C zakken. Ze teren in de winter dan voornamelijk op hun vetreserves. Als die reserves op zijn, sterven ze, vaak in hun slaap. Dat is een natuurlijk proces, maar voor veel mensen moeilijk te begrijpen en te accepteren.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Daarbij zie je dat die sterfte dan voornamelijk bij jonge en oude dieren optreedt; bij de jonge, omdat ze niet in vet, maar in groei investeren en dat ze moeilijker bij het laatste voedsel kunnen, omdat ze lager in de rangorde zijn en door in rang hogere, volwassen dieren worden weggedreven. Datzelfde leidt tot grotere sterfte bij hele oude dieren, omdat die ook lager in de rangorde terecht komen. Die worden dan de prooi voor de wolven.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Je zei zojuist dat predatie vooral een faciliterende rol heeft binnen een ecosysteem. Kun je dat uitleggen?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Ja, de invloed van predatie zie je vooral in het beïnvloeden van bepaalde eigenschappen van de dieren en niet zozeer in het verkleinen van hun populaties. Zoals hiervoor gezegd, pakken wolven vooral de zwakke, zieke en oude en jonge dieren. Wolven kunnen ook van invloed zijn op de genetische samenstelling van een populatie, bijvoorbeeld bij edelherten. In de bronst dekt één dominant hert meerdere hinden. Tijdens de brons eten die herten niet en daardoor kunnen ze na de bronst letterlijk voor apegapen op de grond liggen. Ze zijn dan een makkelijke prooi voor wolven. Op die manier kan een hert nooit meerdere jaren de bron van genen zijn voor meerdere hinden en zorgen wolven voor een meer diverse genetische samenstelling van een populatie. Nog zo’n onvoorziene eigenschap van de natuur.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Het grote voordeel is dat predatie zorgt voor een gezonde populatiestructuur, waarbij zwakke dieren minder kans krijgen om zich voort te planten, waardoor de algehele populatie gezond blijft.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Hoe zie je de komst van grote roofdieren in Nederland? Zie je dat als een positieve ontwikkeling of verwacht je dat het weinig verandert?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Je moet je daar echt door laten verrassen. Niemand kan met zekerheid zeggen wat de situatie over tien jaar hier precies zal zijn. We weten veel, maar ook heel veel niet en we hebben de valkuil dat we op grond van onze huidige kennis denken dat het zo altijd is gegaan. Misschien verloopt het toch weer net even anders dan we altijd gedacht hebben in een natuur die we niet meer hebben gekend, zoals die door rewilding kan ontstaan.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Zelf heb ik altijd gesteld dat de zeearend in de Oostvaardersplassen zich in Nederland als broedvogel kon vestigen. Daarom werd ik uitgelachen. Toen ik in 2005 de eerste zeearend met takken zag slepen, was er nog steeds veel twijfel over of ze hier konden broeden. Er waren deskundigen die zeiden dat dit wellicht alleen in de Lauwersmeer zou kunnen gebeuren. De Oostvaardersplassen werden nota bene niet genoemd, terwijl ik daar in 2005 zeearenden met takken zag slepen, er het eerste nest in Nederland vond en daar ook het eerst succesvolle broedgeval plaatsvond. Inmiddels waren er zelfs 40 broedparen in 2024. Aan die verdere vestiging van de zeearend in Nederland hebben in de Oostvaardersplassen uitgevlogen jongen ook nog eens een belangrijke bijdrage geleverd.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Dit laat zien dat de natuur soms haar eigen koers vaart, ondanks menselijke verwachtingen. Wij denken dat iets niet kan, maar de natuur doet het dan toch, omdat zij er haar “eigen opvattingen” op na houdt.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Heb je voorbeelden van onverwachte ontwikkelingen in de natuur die je zijn bijgebleven?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">De uitbreiding van de bruine beer in Europa is een ander voorbeeld van dat het anders kan gaan dan wij mensen dachten. In Slovenië begon de populatie te groeien, waarna beren zich ook naar Oostenrijk verspreidden. Daar zeiden de mensen dat de bruine beren daar niet zouden kunnen leven, want bruine beren hebben wildernis nodig en die was er niet in Oostenrijk. De bruine beren zelf hielden er echter een andere opvatting op na. Nu leven er in Oostenrijk tientallen bruine beren. Het laat zien dat wij van veel dieren niet weten wat zij in hun mars hebben, waardoor zij onze verwachtingen overtreffen. De wolf in Europa is daar ook een voorbeeld van. Nogal eens zeggen mensen dat er geen plaats is voor wolven in Nederland, terwijl de wolven daar zelf klaarblijkelijk een andere opvatting over hebben.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Als je één wild dier zou mogen kiezen om de Nederlandse natuur compleet te maken, welk dier zou dat dan zijn?</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Dat is voor mij de eland. We denken vaak dat elanden alleen in moerassen horen, maar ze kunnen ook in naaldbossen leven, zoals ik heb gezien in de omgeving van Moskou. Daar leven elanden in gebieden met grove dennen, in gebieden die eruitzien als de Veluwe. Elanden eten daar die naaldbomen en beïnvloeden zo de successie in naaldbos. Dat zou in Nederland met als zijn grove dennenbossen een mooie aanvulling zijn, omdat ze daarin een ecologische functie vervullen die nu ontbreekt.</p>



<div class="wp-block-kadence-infobox kt-info-box16313_af188e-de"><a class="kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-top kt-info-halign-center" href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding-our-world-conference-2025/"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media-container"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic-container"><div class="kadence-info-box-image-intrisic kt-info-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-image-inner-intrisic"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Rewilding-our-World-Conference-Logo-Colour-Transparent-500.png" alt="Rewilding our World" width="500" height="500" class="kt-info-box-image wp-image-15946" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Rewilding-our-World-Conference-Logo-Colour-Transparent-500.png 500w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Rewilding-our-World-Conference-Logo-Colour-Transparent-500-300x300.png 300w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Rewilding-our-World-Conference-Logo-Colour-Transparent-500-150x150.png 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></div></div></div></div></div><div class="kt-infobox-textcontent"><h2 class="kt-blocks-info-box-title">20-21 September 2025</h2><p class="kt-blocks-info-box-text">Be part of the dialogue with Frans Vera and others shaping the future of rewilding at the <strong>Rewilding Our World Conference 2025</strong>.</p></div></a></div>
</div></div>
</div></div></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/interviews/oostvaardersplassen-at-risk-frans-vera-on-nature-and-policy/">Oostvaardersplassen at Risk: Frans Vera on Nature and Policy</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>The Fochteloërveen: A Tale of Peatland Restoration</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/the-fochteloerveen-a-tale-of-peatland-restoration/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 03 Jul 2024 19:01:13 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Ecosystem Restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystem restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[peatland]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rewetting]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rewilding]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=13098</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Nestled between the provinces of Drenthe and Friesland in the north of the Netherlands, the Fochteloërveen stands as...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/the-fochteloerveen-a-tale-of-peatland-restoration/">The Fochteloërveen: A Tale of Peatland Restoration</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Nestled between the provinces of Drenthe and Friesland in the north of the Netherlands, the Fochteloërveen stands as a testament to the enduring power of nature and the meticulous efforts of conservationists. This unique area, one of the few remaining active raised bogs in the Netherlands, owes its preservation to a combination of historical happenstance and strategic ecological intervention.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Fochteloërveen’s survival can be attributed to its isolated location straddling provincial borders, which historically shielded it from extensive agricultural and industrial exploitation. Recognizing its ecological value, it was designated a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. This designation underscored the urgency of restoring, <a href="/what-is-rewilding/">rewilding</a> and maintaining its delicate ecosystem.</p>



<iframe src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d71688.12790629314!2d6.3242584797817685!3d53.01547095994922!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x47c838f8f8ca56c9%3A0xc133dcf93d578e83!2sFochtelo%C3%ABrveen!5e1!3m2!1sen!2snl!4v1720033463908!5m2!1sen!2snl" width="800" height="500" style="border:0;" allowfullscreen="" loading="lazy" referrerpolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade"></iframe>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Rewetting</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">To promote the growth of the peat bog, extensive rewetting measures were implemented. These included constructing dams and filling in drainage ditches to raise the water table, crucial for the survival of peat mosses, the building blocks of the bog. These efforts have paid off spectacularly. The once-drained and degraded landscape now teems with a diversity of plant life. Rare species like the brown peat moss (<em>Sphagnum fuscum</em>), which had nearly vanished, are making a comeback. The rewetting has also curbed the spread of the invasive purple moor-grass (<em>Molinia caerulea</em>), allowing more native species like hare’s-tail cottongrass (<em>Eriophorum vaginatum</em>) and bog rosemary (<em>Andromeda polifolia</em>) to flourish.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The resurgence of these plant species has, in turn, supported a renaissance of the area’s fauna. The large heath butterfly (<em>Coenonympha tullia</em>), once a rare sight, is now one of the few thriving populations in the region. The Fochteloërveen has also become a breeding ground for the common crane (<em>Grus grus</em>), one of the few such sites in the Netherlands. These majestic birds, with their distinctive calls and impressive wingspans, have become symbols of the area’s successful restoration.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="450" data-id="13101" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_0986.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-13101" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_0986.webp 600w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_0986-300x225.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="450" data-id="13100" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_0988.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-13100" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_0988.webp 600w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_0988-300x225.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="450" data-id="13102" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_0990.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-13102" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_0990.webp 600w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_0990-300x225.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="450" data-id="13103" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_1001.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-13103" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_1001.webp 600w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_1001-300x225.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure>
<figcaption class="blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption">Photos: Marieke de Groot</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Adding to the rich tapestry of the Fochteloërveen’s wildlife are species like the whinchat (<em>Saxicola rubetra</em>), known for its melodious song, and the Montagu&#8217;s harrier (<em>Circus pygargus</em>), a rare sighting that has delighted birdwatchers. The presence of the rose spindles fungus (<em>Clavaria rosea</em>), one of the rarest sightings in 2024, further underscores the area’s biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Living Lab</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The restoration of the Fochteloërveen is a remarkable success story that highlights the importance of preserving and nurturing our natural landscapes. It serves as a living laboratory for ecosystem restoration, demonstrating the intricate connections between water management, plant life, and wildlife. The efforts here not only enhance local biodiversity but also contribute to global conservation goals.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Fochteloërveen’s journey from near-degradation to vibrant restoration illustrates the profound impact of dedicated conservation efforts. As a critical component of the broader landscape, it continues to inspire and educate, offering invaluable lessons for ecosystem restoration worldwide. The Fochteloërveen is not just a haven for rare species but a beacon of hope for the enduring resilience of nature.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="450" data-id="13106" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_1109.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-13106" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_1109.webp 600w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen_1109-300x225.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="399" data-id="13104" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240623-WA0023.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-13104" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240623-WA0023.webp 600w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240623-WA0023-300x200.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="400" data-id="13107" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240623-WA0024.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-13107" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240623-WA0024.webp 600w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240623-WA0024-300x200.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="400" data-id="13105" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240623-WA0030.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-13105" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240623-WA0030.webp 600w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240623-WA0030-300x200.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="400" data-id="13108" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240625-WA0030.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-13108" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240625-WA0030.webp 600w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fochteloerveen-20240625-WA0030-300x200.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></figure>
<figcaption class="blocks-gallery-caption wp-element-caption">Photos: Marieke de Groot</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/the-fochteloerveen-a-tale-of-peatland-restoration/">The Fochteloërveen: A Tale of Peatland Restoration</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>Preserving Green Heritage: Endangered Native Trees and Shrubs in the Netherlands</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/endangered-species/preserving-green-heritage-endangered-native-trees-and-shrubs-in-the-netherlands/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Sep 2023 17:15:52 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Endangered Species]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[endangered species]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[extinction]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=7544</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The last wild trees and shrubs in the Netherlands are both endangered and rare. The proportion of wild...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/endangered-species/preserving-green-heritage-endangered-native-trees-and-shrubs-in-the-netherlands/">Preserving Green Heritage: Endangered Native Trees and Shrubs in the Netherlands</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The last wild trees and shrubs in the Netherlands are both endangered and rare. The proportion of wild trees and shrubs in the total forest area and landscape elements consisting of trees and shrubs is estimated to be less than 3%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Green Heritage</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In September 2023, the Dutch National Cultural Heritage Agency published a checklist highlighting <a href="https://kennis.cultureelerfgoed.nl/index.php/Attentielijst_bedreigde_wilde_bomen_en_struiken">endangered and vulnerable native trees and shrubs</a> in the Netherlands, emphasizing the importance of preserving these vital components of biodiversity.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The checklist aims to draw the attention of land managers, government authorities, and environmental organizations to focus on safeguarding these threatened species within Dutch provinces, ultimately striving to sustain viable provincial populations of each listed species. The list underscores the critical role of wild (native) trees and shrubs in ancient woodlands and their interconnectedness with diverse ecosystems. It also highlights the importance of genetic diversity within populations and the risks associated with the dominance of cultivated trees.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Endangered wild trees and shrubs</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Wild (native) trees and shrubs form the basis of biodiversity in ancient forests, hedgerows, hedges, and thickets. Forests with predominantly wild trees are referred to as &#8220;ancient woodland.&#8221; Trees and shrubs in these forest are the center of an extensive food web that has evolved around them. This represents native biodiversity, the result of ten thousand years of evolution in the lowlands.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Every tree or shrub species nurtures a complex network of organisms intricately linked to or reliant upon that specific botanical variety. The significance of ancient woodlands is further underscored by their forest floors, with biodiversity that is still uncharted and awaiting exploration.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/dutch-forest-heather-landscape.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-7547"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Mixed heather and forest landscape (Photo: Arend de Haas/Rewilding Academy)</figcaption></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the Netherlands, around 100 native tree and shrub species have wild populations. Alarmingly, roughly half of these native species face the looming threat of extinction, with five species having already vanished across the nation.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is estimated that about five locations with wild populations disappear in the country each year. Moreover, many local populations are (too) small and thus also threatened with extinction. Proper management of the remaining growth sites can reverse this trend and allow the populations of wild trees and shrubs in the Netherlands to grow again. </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">To identify the species at risk, Ecological Consulting Firm Maes, Wilde Bomen, and Landscape Management Flevoland, commissioned by the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands (RCE), have prepared so-called &#8220;checklists&#8221; for each province. These lists provide an overview of the threatened wild populations of native tree and shrub species by province.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Genetic diversity is the engine of evolution</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A wild population of trees or shrubs boasts significantly greater genetic diversity compared to planted counterparts. Planting, even with native material, tends to yield less variation. Genetic diversity within a population enhances its resilience to climate and environmental changes, enabling certain individuals to better adapt and thrive in new conditions. To achieve this, population size matters, as each member in a natural population possesses slight differences. High genetic diversity stands as a cornerstone for wild trees and shrubs, and even in smaller populations, preservation is vital, guided by the precautionary principle. It&#8217;s crucial to note that species extinction triggers the loss of numerous other organisms.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The trade predominantly selects common trees and shrubs based on attributes beneficial to humans, including straight trunks, rapid growth, larger fruits, beautiful flowers, and ornamental leaves. This selective process has led to the reduction of natural variation and adaptability, with such trees dominating 97% of Dutch forests.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Natural forests in the Netherlands are exceedingly rare. Wild trees and shrubs on ancient growth sites occupy less than 3% of the total forest and landscape area containing trees and shrubs in the country. Even in these areas, only a fraction of the surface hosts wild trees and shrubs. Planted trees originating from various sources, timber species, invasive exotic species, and garden and park plants, often spread by wind and birds, tend to prevail, even within old forests. Consequently, new planting with native plant material lacks the same ecological value as ancient natural forests.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">New planting with native plant material does not have the same value as old natural forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Native versus wild/autochthonous</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Most native tree and shrub species have a large natural distribution in Europe. However, significant genetic differences exist within the species throughout Europe. Therefore, a distinction is made between native (or wild) and non-native trees and shrubs among native species. A native tree is not only native as a species but also locally genetically native as an individual. A native tree is part of a population that has spontaneously established itself here since the last Ice Age.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Humans may have played a role in this to some extent, but the plant material must be traceable to native populations. Old traditional forestry practices such as coppicing and pollarding have contributed to the preservation of wild trees and shrubs.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Non-native trees have a different, often unknown, origin and have been planted or naturalised outside their native range. In that way, a tree or shrub can be native to the Netherlands but not autochthonous. In this case, the plant material comes from outside the Netherlands, and/or the tree grows outside its natural distribution area. Each tree species has a natural range, and outside that range, the tree or shrub species is not native. These ranges do not necessarily align with national borders. The term &#8220;native&#8221; is imprecise, has a different definition, and does not follow national borders.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More information</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The checklist includes the most endangered native species in each province, the wild population of which is threatened or vulnerable. When managing old forest cores and hedgerows, it is advisable not only to &#8220;preserve&#8221; these trees and shrubs but also to tailor the management to all wild trees and shrubs present, including those not threatened.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The checklist can be found in Appendix 2 from the RCE report &#8220;<a href="https://www.cultureelerfgoed.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2019/01/01/behoud-groen-erfgoed">Preservation of Green Heritage.&#8221;</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Which forests and landscape elements are old? These sites are displayed on the Cultural Heritage Agency&#8217;s <a href="https://rce.webgispublisher.nl/Viewer.aspx?map=groen%5Ferfgoed" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Landscape Green Heritage map</a>.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/endangered-species/preserving-green-heritage-endangered-native-trees-and-shrubs-in-the-netherlands/">Preserving Green Heritage: Endangered Native Trees and Shrubs in the Netherlands</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>TreeReefs: Reviving marine ecosystems by &#8216;planting&#8217; pear tree reefs</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/treereefs-reviving-marine-ecosystems-by-planting-pear-tree-reefs/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Aug 2023 07:27:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Ecosystem Restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystem restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[oceans]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=7506</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>As part of the Waddenfonds project Waddenmozaïek, researchers from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), the...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/treereefs-reviving-marine-ecosystems-by-planting-pear-tree-reefs/">TreeReefs: Reviving marine ecosystems by &#8216;planting&#8217; pear tree reefs</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As part of the Waddenfonds project <a href="https://www.waddenmozaiek.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Waddenmozaïek</a>, researchers from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), the University of Groningen, and the University of Utrecht have placed a new experiment with pearwood tree reefs in the permanently flooded areas of the Wadden Sea.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">After only a few months, these reefs are already teeming with life. Algae, barnacles, mussels, bryozoans, ascidians, and anemones are covering the wood, and the amount of fish around the reefs is five times higher than on the adjacent sand.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Over the last century, natural reefs in the Wadden Sea and North Sea have vanished. These reefs are crucial for fish as they provide hiding and breeding spots. There is a pressing need to restore these reefs. How can we accomplish this? NIOZ has embarked on a research project to assess the ecological significance of TreeReefs, which are experimental reefs created by submerging trees underwater.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why TreeReefs?</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Placing trees at sea sounds a bit strange? And even if it&#8217;s feasible, why would you want to do it? To grasp the rationale behind this, let&#8217;s consider tropical reefs, as explained by Tjeerd Bouma, a researcher at NIOZ, a professor at Utrecht University, and a lecturer at HZ University of Applied Sciences in Vlissingen. Reefs often support a vibrant community of fish. A similar phenomenon occurs around shipwrecks in the North Sea. This illustrates the vital importance of providing fish with effective hiding places, shielding them from predators, according to Bouma.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But how does one go about restoring these reefs? Bouma drew inspiration from his cycling tours in Zuid-Beveland, an area teeming with orchards, leading to the concept of repurposing low-trunk fruit trees as TreeReefs. In the Netherlands, there are approximately 100,000 hectares of orchards. Each year, roughly 250 hectares are cleared for replanting. These discarded fruit trees represent a natural by-product, possessing their own intricate reef-like structures. Six pear trees together can form a pyramid-shaped reef measuring 3 by 3 meters.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the past, before the era of dams and dikes, the Wadden Sea used to witness a more significant influx of washed-up trees. Hence, the idea doesn&#8217;t seem quite so unconventional after all.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="TreeReefs - Restoring marine nature by &#039;planting&#039; peartTree reefs" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ivRJpCxrJRQ?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A total of 192 pear trees were placed on the seabed of the Wadden Sea with concrete blocks at their base, resulting in 32 artificial reefs. The pear reefs are monitored with the help of cameras and during survey expeditions. They have now become breeding grounds for fish and shrimp. Ascidians and anemones have become &#8216;permanent residents’. The researchers hope that a natural reef will remain when the pear reefs have disappeared.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Restoration success</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The initiative to restore reefs using pear trees appears to be a significant success. After sixteen months, substantial numbers of butterfish and literally thousands of cuttlefish eggs can be seen in the pear reef, according to Jon Dickson, a doctoral researcher at the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ).</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This is hopeful news for the Wadden Sea. The established pear reefs help to restore a thriving marine ecosystem. Woodworms are already breaking down the wood, but it is expected that the reefs will persist for several more years. Ultimately, they will naturally disappear.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The swift positive outcome is inspiring because five years ago, alarm bells were already ringing about the state of the Wadden Sea. The project demonstrates that we can actively assist in restoring marine biodiversity. Not only the Wadden Sea can benefit from such innovative measures, but also the North Sea and even oceans, because natural structures like oyster reefs have disappeared on a large scale there as well.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/treereefs-reviving-marine-ecosystems-by-planting-pear-tree-reefs/">TreeReefs: Reviving marine ecosystems by &#8216;planting&#8217; pear tree reefs</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>International Summer Field School on Mountain Ecosystems &#038; Resource Management Set to Take Place in Carpathian/Bükk Mountains, Hungary</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/international-summer-field-school-on-mountain-ecosystems-resource-management-set-to-take-place-in-carpathian-bukk-mountains-hungary/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 Jul 2023 10:32:26 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Ecosystem Restoration]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=7420</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The Grassroots Institute, in collaboration with Valahia University of Targoviste, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, World Agricultural Heritage...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/international-summer-field-school-on-mountain-ecosystems-resource-management-set-to-take-place-in-carpathian-bukk-mountains-hungary/">International Summer Field School on Mountain Ecosystems &amp; Resource Management Set to Take Place in Carpathian/Bükk Mountains, Hungary</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Grassroots Institute, in collaboration with Valahia University of Targoviste, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, World Agricultural Heritage Forum, NatRisk at the University of Torino, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Yaroslav Mudriy National Law University, Carpathian National Nature Park, Rural Development Fund, and Central Himalayan Institute for Nature &amp; Applied Research, is excited to announce the upcoming &#8220;Summer Field School (Hybrid) on Mountain Ecosystems &amp; Resource Management 2023&#8221; (FSc MER 2023). The event is scheduled to take place from September 11 to 20, 2023, in the picturesque Carpathian/Bükk Mountains of Hungary.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Sustainable mountain ecosystems and resource management</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Summer Field School aims to provide a comprehensive training program for researchers, students, practitioners, and young teachers interested in mountain ecosystems and sustainable development. This international initiative, which attracted nearly 630 participants from 69 countries in its 2021 edition, offers a unique opportunity to explore the interplay between human development, natural resources, and sustainable conservation in mountain ecosystems.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Key features of the program include 90 lectures and facilitation sessions by 90 professors and experts, engaging activities such as field trips, practical workshops, and organic farming workshops, as well as a special dialogue with shepherds. Participants will have the chance to immerse themselves in the excellent mountain ambience of Bükk, Hungary, and gain practical knowledge, skills, and approaches to address the challenges of sustainable resource management globally.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Summer Field School will be organized into nine thematic groups, each focusing on a specific aspect of mountain ecosystems and resource management. Topics covered include climate change, water management, biodiversity, agroecology, renewable energy, sustainable tourism, and more. The program culminates with a day dedicated to mountain-related international and national laws and policies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Structure of the Program</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The proposed program will constitute following 9 thematic groups to be executed on 9 different days:<br><br>Day 1: 11 September 2023 &gt; Mountain Ecosystems, Climate Change and Local Communities<br>Day 2: 12 September 2023 &gt; Water, Watershed, Wetland and River Basin Management<br>Day 3: 13 September 2023 &gt; Mountain Forest &amp; Biodiversity Management, and Park-People Interface<br>Day 4: 14 September 2023 &gt; Mountain Transhumance, Pastoralism and Rangeland Governance<br>Day 5: 15 September 2023 &gt; Combined Field Trip<br>Day 6: 16 September 2023 &gt; Developing the Mountain Economies, Livelihoods and Micro-Enterprises<br>Day 7: 17 September 2023 &gt; Agrobiodiversity, Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture &amp; Food Systems in Mountains<br>Day 8: 18 September 2023 &gt; Mountain&nbsp;Sustainability, Renewable Energy and SDGs<br>Day 9: 19 September 2023 &gt; Sustainable&nbsp;Tourism and&nbsp;Socio-Cultural Integration in Mountains<br>Day 10: 20 September 2023 &gt; Mountain Related International and National Laws &amp; Policies<br></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/mountain-landscape.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7473"/></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Rewilding Academy</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Our Training &amp; Research director Euridice Leyequien Abarca will deliver a lecture with the title &#8220;<strong>Climate Adaptation Strategies in Mountain Rural Communities</strong>&#8221; during a technical session (1.2) on the <a href="https://www.grassrootsglobal.net/mer2023/schedule.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">first day of the event</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How to participate?</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Interested individuals can find detailed information about eligibility, procedures, application deadlines, faculties, and partners on the official website of the program: <a href="https://www.grassrootsglobal.net/mer2023/">https://www.grassrootsglobal.net/mer2023/</a>. Application deadlines vary for different participation categories, so participants are encouraged to visit the website for specific dates. While delegate and speaker participation is closed, virtual attendee registration will remain open until September 20, 2023.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This groundbreaking initiative is made possible through the collaboration of various academic and practice-oriented organizations. The Summer Field School promises to be an enriching and transformative experience, equipping participants with the necessary tools to contribute to the sustainable use of natural resources in mountain landscapes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Deadlines for Applications</strong></h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Please see the website for deadlines: <a href="https://www.grassrootsglobal.net/mer2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.grassrootsglobal.net/mer2023/</a>&nbsp;and <a href="https://www.grassrootsglobal.net/mer2023/register.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.grassrootsglobal.net/mer2023/register.html</a><br>Delegate Participation (self-financing or sponsored or nominated): CLOSED (*Ask for seat availability)<br>Speaker Participation (virtual): CLOSED (*Ask for seat availability)<br>Attendee Participation (virtual): 20 September 2023</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Register now</strong></h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.grassrootsglobal.net/mer2023/register.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.grassrootsglobal.net/mer2023/register.html</a></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For further information, please contact:</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Team Capacity Building <br>The Grassroots Institute Email: <a href="mailto:fsc@grassrootsglobal.net">fsc@grassrootsglobal.net</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/international-summer-field-school-on-mountain-ecosystems-resource-management-set-to-take-place-in-carpathian-bukk-mountains-hungary/">International Summer Field School on Mountain Ecosystems &amp; Resource Management Set to Take Place in Carpathian/Bükk Mountains, Hungary</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>European Parliament backs landmark Nature Restoration Law</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/european-parliament-backs-landmark-nature-restoration-law/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 12 Jul 2023 11:52:27 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Ecosystem Restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[agriculture]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystem restoration]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=7413</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Strasbourg, 12 July 2023 &#8211; In a momentous decision, the European Union (EU) has successfully passed a historic...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/european-parliament-backs-landmark-nature-restoration-law/">European Parliament backs landmark Nature Restoration Law</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Strasbourg, 12 July 2023 &#8211; In a momentous decision, the European Union (EU) has successfully passed a historic bill aimed at restoring nature, safeguarding biodiversity, and promoting sustainable land and soil use. The legislation, which received widespread support, marks a significant step forward in the EU&#8217;s commitment to combatting climate change and restoring the health of ecosystems across the continent.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The EU Commission&#8217;s conclusion that member states had not done enough to halt species extinction and restore devastated ecosystems provided the impetus for this crucial legislation, urging &#8220;more decisive action.&#8221;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Aligned with the ambitious targets outlined in the European Green Deal, the bill requires EU member states to implement restoration measures to bring at least 30% of habitats in terrestrial, coastal, freshwater, and marine ecosystems into good condition by 2030. This commitment aims to reverse the alarming decline of Europe&#8217;s ecosystems and sets the stage for achieving climate neutrality by 2050.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The <a href="https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/nature-restoration-law_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature restoration law</a>, proposed in June 2022, serves as a foundational pillar of the comprehensive EU Green Deal, a far-reaching package of policy initiatives designed to set the EU on a sustainable trajectory. Among its specific provisions, the legislation seeks to <a href="https://rewilding.academy/what-is-rewilding/">restore nature</a> through measures such as the revitalization of drained peatlands, the expansion of green spaces in urban areas, and the enhancement of biodiversity in agricultural and forestry lands.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The proposal is the first major EU biodiversity law since the Habitats Directive in 1992 and follows the commitments made by the European Commission in the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 which calls for the recovery of high-quality and resilient ecosystems in the EU.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The passage of this bill received significant support from activists and environmental advocates, with notable figures such as climate activist Greta Thunberg gathering at the European Parliament to rally behind the cause. Thunberg emphasized the importance of enacting the strongest possible legislation, stressing that anything less would be a &#8220;betrayal to future generations.&#8221; The widespread presence of protesters underscored the urgency and gravity of the situation, as citizens demand action to protect and restore the natural world.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Supporters of the law recognize its crucial role in accelerating efforts to safeguard and rejuvenate ecosystems. By enabling the survival and thriving of plants, animals, birds, and insects, the legislation will foster biodiversity, store carbon in the land, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, it aims to ensure that humans can continue to benefit from the land through sustainable practices in areas such as food production and water quality.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">While opponents of the bill expressed concerns about the capacity of member states to implement the proposed measures and the potential repurposing of agricultural land, the legislation&#8217;s supporters argue that these challenges can be overcome. They emphasize the importance of urgent and comprehensive action to protect the environment, and assert that the benefits of restoring nature will ultimately outweigh any short-term adjustments that need to be made.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The passage of this groundbreaking legislation by the EU serves as a clear signal to the international community of the union&#8217;s commitment to combatting climate change and protecting biodiversity. It sets an inspiring example for nations worldwide, demonstrating that effective environmental stewardship and sustainable land use are not only necessary but also achievable goals. </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">With the new law in place, the EU stands poised to lead the way in building a greener and more resilient future for generations to come.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">More information: <a href="https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/nature-and-biodiversity/nature-restoration-law_en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Restoration Law</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/european-parliament-backs-landmark-nature-restoration-law/">European Parliament backs landmark Nature Restoration Law</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>Rewilding the “Binnenveldse Hooilanden” in the Netherlands</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/rewilding-binnenveldse-hooilanden/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 12 Jun 2023 12:54:39 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Rewilding]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=7328</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>In the ecologically diverse region of Veenendaal, Rhenen, and Wageningen/Ede in the Netherlands, a captivating landscape has recently...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/rewilding-binnenveldse-hooilanden/">Rewilding the “Binnenveldse Hooilanden” in the Netherlands</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In the ecologically diverse region of Veenendaal, Rhenen, and Wageningen/Ede in the Netherlands, a captivating landscape has recently experienced a remarkable resurgence, breathing new life into its vibrant ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Known as the “<a href="https://www.birdingplaces.eu/en/birdingplaces/netherlands/binnenveldse-hooilanden">Binnenveldse Hooilanden</a>,” this expansive land spans nearly 300 hectares and is nestled between the Veluwe and the Utrecht Ridge. Also called the wetlands of Ede, it is a chain in the Gelderland Nature Network. A section of the Binnenveldse Hooilanden is Natura2000 area. Shaped during the previous ice age, this area is presently undergoing restoration.</p>



<div class="wp-block-media-text has-media-on-the-right is-stacked-on-mobile"><div class="wp-block-media-text__content">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The restoration plan was executed over a span of two years, from 2019 to 2021. Despite the relatively brief timeline, the collaborative efforts of three key parties—the farmers, citizens, and the state forestry department “Staatsbosbeheer”—have already yielded significant positive impacts on biodiversity. Key measures implemented include:</p>
</div><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="580" height="628" src="http://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/b.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7936 size-full" srcset="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/b.webp 580w, https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/b-277x300.webp 277w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px" /></figure></div>


<div class="kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id7328_7bca06-32 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout"><div class="kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-3-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top">

<div class="wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column7328_958b93-8b"><div class="kt-inside-inner-col">
<div class="wp-block-kadence-infobox kt-info-box7328_edd92d-9e"><span class="kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-top kt-info-halign-center"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media-container"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-icon-container kt-info-icon-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-icon-inner-container"><span class="kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-ic_ascending kt-info-svg-icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 8 8"  fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"  aria-hidden="true"><path d="M2 0v6h-2l2.5 2 2.5-2h-2v-6h-1zm2 0v1h2v-1h-2zm0 2v1h3v-1h-3zm0 2v1h4v-1h-4z"/></svg></span></div></div></div></div><div class="kt-infobox-textcontent"><h2 class="kt-blocks-info-box-title">Soil</h2><p class="kt-blocks-info-box-text">Gently excavating the nutrient-rich topsoil, allowing it to recede (a process known as atrophying).</p></div></span></div>
</div></div>



<div class="wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column7328_8358a3-be"><div class="kt-inside-inner-col">
<div class="wp-block-kadence-infobox kt-info-box7328_d6b000-44"><span class="kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-top kt-info-halign-center"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media-container"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-icon-container kt-info-icon-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-icon-inner-container"><span class="kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-ic_droplet kt-info-svg-icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 8 8"  fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"  aria-hidden="true"><path d="M3 0l-.34.34c-.11.11-2.66 2.69-2.66 4.88 0 1.65 1.35 3 3 3s3-1.35 3-3c0-2.18-2.55-4.77-2.66-4.88l-.34-.34zm-1.5 4.72c.28 0 .5.22.5.5 0 .55.45 1 1 1 .28 0 .5.22.5.5s-.22.5-.5.5c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2 0-.28.22-.5.5-.5z" transform="translate(1)"/></svg></span></div></div></div></div><div class="kt-infobox-textcontent"><h2 class="kt-blocks-info-box-title">Groundwater</h2><p class="kt-blocks-info-box-text">Restoring the water level to its natural state, is achieved through effective drainage of ditches.</p></div></span></div>
</div></div>



<div class="wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column7328_b41066-55"><div class="kt-inside-inner-col">
<div class="wp-block-kadence-infobox kt-info-box7328_b4f1f1-3c"><span class="kt-blocks-info-box-link-wrap info-box-link kt-blocks-info-box-media-align-top kt-info-halign-center"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media-container"><div class="kt-blocks-info-box-media kt-info-media-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-icon-container kt-info-icon-animate-none"><div class="kadence-info-box-icon-inner-container"><span class="kb-svg-icon-wrap kb-svg-icon-fas_sync-alt kt-info-svg-icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512"  fill="currentColor" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"  aria-hidden="true"><path d="M370.72 133.28C339.458 104.008 298.888 87.962 255.848 88c-77.458.068-144.328 53.178-162.791 126.85-1.344 5.363-6.122 9.15-11.651 9.15H24.103c-7.498 0-13.194-6.807-11.807-14.176C33.933 94.924 134.813 8 256 8c66.448 0 126.791 26.136 171.315 68.685L463.03 40.97C478.149 25.851 504 36.559 504 57.941V192c0 13.255-10.745 24-24 24H345.941c-21.382 0-32.09-25.851-16.971-40.971l41.75-41.749zM32 296h134.059c21.382 0 32.09 25.851 16.971 40.971l-41.75 41.75c31.262 29.273 71.835 45.319 114.876 45.28 77.418-.07 144.315-53.144 162.787-126.849 1.344-5.363 6.122-9.15 11.651-9.15h57.304c7.498 0 13.194 6.807 11.807 14.176C478.067 417.076 377.187 504 256 504c-66.448 0-126.791-26.136-171.315-68.685L48.97 471.03C33.851 486.149 8 475.441 8 454.059V320c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24z"/></svg></span></div></div></div></div><div class="kt-infobox-textcontent"><h2 class="kt-blocks-info-box-title">Surface water</h2><p class="kt-blocks-info-box-text">Rehabilitating an ancient, meandering stream to its former glory.</p></div></span></div>
</div></div>

</div></div>


<figure class="wp-block-gallery alignwide has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" data-id="7338" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/rewilding-Binnenveldse-Hooilanden-01.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7338"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Foto’s @mariekedegroot</figcaption></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" data-id="7339" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rewilding-the-Binnenveldse-Hooilanden-1024x1024.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7339"/></figure>
</figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">These efforts have already led to the emergence of diverse flora such as kingcup hay meadow, bluegrass meadow, and quaking bog. Remarkably, in 2021 alone, there were 56 different species of breeding birds recorded, 14 of which were classified as endangered according to the red list. A comprehensive survey conducted in 2022 identified over 200 species of vascular plants in the area, owing in part to the topsoil removal, which brought long-dormant seeds from the subsoil back to the surface.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Once again, the process of rewilding—restoring natural ecological dynamics—and the inherent resilience of nature itself have clearly demonstrated their ability to enhance overall biodiversity.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex">
<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" data-id="7340" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rewilding-Binnenveldse-Hooilanden-04.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7340"/></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" data-id="7342" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rewilding-Binnenveldse-Hooilanden-Marc-Wilbers-07.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7342"/></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" data-id="7341" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rewilding-Binnenveldse-Hooilanden-Marc-Wilbers-08-1.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7341"/></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" data-id="7343" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rewilding-Binnenveldse-Hooilanden-Marc-Wilbers-11.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7343"/></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" data-id="7345" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rewilding-Binnenveldse-Hooilanden-Marc-Wilbers-12.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7345"/></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" data-id="7344" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rewilding-Binnenveldse-Hooilanden-Marc-Wilbers-14.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7344"/></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img decoding="async" data-id="7346" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Rewilding-Binnenveldse-Hooilanden-Marc-Wilbers-16.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-7346"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Foto’s @mariekedegroot</figcaption></figure>
</figure>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/rewilding-binnenveldse-hooilanden/">Rewilding the “Binnenveldse Hooilanden” in the Netherlands</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>Restoring our world: Standards of practice to guide ecosystem restoration</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/standards-of-practice-to-guide-ecosystem-restoration/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 13 Apr 2023 12:01:42 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Ecosystem Restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystem restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rewilding]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=6956</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The UN Decade, spanning from 2021 to 2030, acknowledges the urgent need to prevent, halt, and reverse the...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/standards-of-practice-to-guide-ecosystem-restoration/">Restoring our world: Standards of practice to guide ecosystem restoration</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The UN Decade, spanning from 2021 to 2030, acknowledges the urgent need to prevent, halt, and reverse the deterioration of the world&#8217;s ecosystems. Restoration of degraded ecosystems is crucial for the recovery of biodiversity, ecosystem health, integrity, goods and services, climate change mitigation, and human health and well-being. </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In order to achieve the highest level of restoration possible, UN Decade partners have developed ten principles for ecosystem restoration through a consultative process.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ecosystem-restoration-principles.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-6957"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Ten principles for ecosystem restoration to guide the United Nations Decade on<br>Ecosystem Restoration.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="wp-block-paragraph">To facilitate the application of these principles to restoration projects, the Standards of Practice provide key recommendations for the entire restoration process. These standards are applicable across all sectors of society, land or sea uses, ecosystems, and regions, and encompass the broad range of ecosystem restoration activities under the UN Decade. </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Standards of Practice were developed by synthesizing existing guidance for best practices in a broad range of restorative activities, from sustainable agriculture to ecological restoration. They also incorporate the recommendations of the Science Taskforce for the UN Decade. </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The restoration process is organized into five components: assessment, planning and design, implementation, ongoing management, and monitoring and evaluation. Each component is presented in sequential order, with subcomponents and practices listed within each component.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ecosystem-restoration-process.png" alt="" class="wp-image-6958"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The five components of the restoration process along with cross-cutting subcomponents<br>that apply throughout the restoration process.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is important to note that the restoration process is not always linear, and some subcomponents and practices may be conducted simultaneously or in a different order than presented in the Standards of Practice. Additionally, some subcomponents and practices are repeated within more than one of the components, as they are cross-cutting and may need to be revisited throughout the restoration process.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For example, adaptive management requires an iterative process of defining goals and objectives, implementing field trials, learning from the restoration process through effective monitoring and evaluation, and applying lessons learned to planning, implementation, and ongoing management. Therefore, practices associated with adaptive management are needed throughout the restoration process. The monitoring component, which is presented last in the Standards of Practice, should begin during the project design phase.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Adherence to the recommendations within the Standards of Practice can enhance the achievement of optimal net benefits for biodiversity, ecosystem well-being and integrity, as well as human welfare. It can also encourage the participation of various stakeholders, including local communities, women, youth, Indigenous Peoples, funders, researchers, and governments. Furthermore, these practices can help synchronize efforts across projects, which is essential in realizing the highest net gain feasible from worldwide restoration initiatives.</p>



<div class="wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile" style="grid-template-columns:26% auto"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><a href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc5223en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ecosystem-restoration-practices-report.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-6961 size-full"/></a></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content">
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For more information, please download the <a href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc5223en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">summary report</a>.</p>
</div></div>



<div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Featured image: Simon Kernthaler / Scopio</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/standards-of-practice-to-guide-ecosystem-restoration/">Restoring our world: Standards of practice to guide ecosystem restoration</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>World Rewilding Day 2023 Celebrates Ecosystem Restoration Worldwide</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/world-rewilding-day-2023-celebrates-ecosystem-restoration-worldwide/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 19 Mar 2023 17:36:51 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Rewilding]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rewilding]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[world rewilding day]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=6875</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>On March 20th, World Rewilding Day is celebrated to raise awareness and inspire action to restore and protect...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/world-rewilding-day-2023-celebrates-ecosystem-restoration-worldwide/">World Rewilding Day 2023 Celebrates Ecosystem Restoration Worldwide</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">On March 20th, World Rewilding Day is celebrated to raise awareness and inspire action to restore and protect forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems around the globe. The Rewilding Academy is developing forest and wetland restoration projects with local partners in countries like Spain, Serbia, India, Cameroon and Cambodia, which include reintroduction of lost species, capacity development, and training.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Rewilding Academy is the <a href="https://gefcsonetwork.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GEF CSO Focal Point for Europe</a>, which means that it works closely with the Global Environment Facility (GEF) to support civil society organizations in Europe and globally to participate in GEF-funded projects. The Academy is also an Action Partner of the <a href="https://www.decadeonrestoration.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration</a> and a partner of two UN Decade Education Challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Rewilding</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://rewilding.academy/what-is-rewilding/">Rewilding is a conservation</a> approach that aims to restore natural ecosystems by reintroducing native species, removing human-made barriers, and allowing natural processes to occur. The goal of rewilding is to create dynamic, self-sustaining ecosystems that can adapt to changing environmental conditions.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Rewilding recognizes the crucial role that large herbivores, predators and other keystone species play in maintaining ecosystem health and promotes the reintroduction of these species to degraded ecosystems. By restoring natural processes, rewilding aims to promote biodiversity conservation, mitigate the impacts of climate change, and provide ecological services that benefit both wildlife and people.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/world-rewilding-day-deer.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-6885"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">(Photo: Robert Woeger / Unsplash)</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Our programmes</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Rewilding Academy&#8217;s forest and wetland restoration projects involve a variety of activities that aim to restore damaged ecosystems, including planting native trees, removing invasive species, restoring wetland habitats, and reintroducing wildlife. For example, in Spain, the Academy is working to restore the forest in the foothills of the Pyrenees, which have been heavily impacted by human activity in the past centuries. Students from the Netherlands are involved in biodiversity monitoring. In Serbia, we are working with a wide variety of stakeholders, including the Ministry of Environment, local authorities, NGOs and communities to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qc2-KaTaNI&amp;t=14s" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">restore degraded mountains</a>, which is crucial for biodiversity conservation and rural development.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://rewilding.academy/events/purnima-devi-barman-honoured-with-champions-of-the-earth-award/">In India, the Academy is working to restore wetlands</a>, which provide habitat to the Greater Adjutant Stork, locally called Hargila, a critically endangered bird, in order to help the species live in its former range in the river deltas. We are also developing project concepts and capacity for ecological (genetic) corridors between existing protected areas. In Cambodia, the Academy is working to restore forest habitat in the Cardamom Mountains, and the wetlands and flooded forests of Tonlé Sap.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/world-rewilding-day-cambodia.jpeg" alt="" class="wp-image-6881"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Community meeting in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia (Photo: Arend de Haas)</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Capacity development</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A vital aspect of our work consists of capacity development and training for local communities, including <a href="https://rewilding.academy/courses/">training in rewilding</a>, regenerative agriculture, sustainable land use practices, ecotourism development, and restoration and carbon monitoring. This approach aims to ensure that local communities have the knowledge and skills to sustainably manage their natural resources and benefit from long-term conservation activities.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Rewilding Academy&#8217;s work as the GEF CSO Focal Point for Europe and its partnerships with the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration and the UN Decade Education Challenges helps to boost rewilding projects worldwide. By working with local communities, training conservation practitioners, and reintroducing wildlife to degraded ecosystems, the Academy is contributing to the global effort to restore degraded ecosystems, promote biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation and adaptation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Rewilding Community of Practice</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The Rewilding Academy is committed to building a strong and engaged <a href="/rewilding-community-of-practice">rewilding community of practice</a>, with a focus on new knowledge creation and sharing. The aim is to connect individuals who are passionate about rewilding, to share best practices, and to collaborate on action-based subgroups based on members’ interests and involvement in specific themes, programs, and volunteer groups. By organizing meetings, presentations, and Q&amp;A sessions, the Academy strives to create a platform for meaningful connections that catalyze and facilitate action on-the-ground. With the support of this community, the Rewilding Academy hopes to scale its impact and inspire positive change for the restoration and protection of ecosystems around the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">#RewildingHope</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://globalrewilding.earth/">Rewilding provides hope to millions of people worldwide</a> because it offers a tangible and effective approach to addressing some of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. Moreover, rewilding recognizes the crucial role that local communities and indigenous peoples play in the conservation of natural resources and promotes the empowerment of these groups through capacity building and training programs. By working with local communities, rewilding initiatives can help support sustainable livelihoods and foster a sense of connection to nature and the environment.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Finally, rewilding offers a hopeful vision of the future, one in which humans can live in harmony with nature, and where natural ecosystems can thrive alongside human communities. By promoting rewilding initiatives and celebrating World Rewilding Day, we can inspire and empower people worldwide to take action towards a more sustainable and resilient future.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/world-rewilding-day-2023-celebrates-ecosystem-restoration-worldwide/">World Rewilding Day 2023 Celebrates Ecosystem Restoration Worldwide</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>Fungi restoring ecosystems and climate: Rewilding from the bottom up</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/fungi-restoring-ecosystems/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 16 Feb 2023 09:31:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Ecology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ecosystem Restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rewilding]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[climate]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[fungi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mushrooms]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rewilding]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=6727</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Unlocking the Power of Mushrooms: The Surprising Benefits for Ecosystems and Beyond. From rainmakers to air conditioners, mushrooms hold an unique place in the natural world, playing a critical role in maintaining ecological stability and fostering growth. Join us on a journey of discovery as we uncover the remarkable abilities of these fascinating organisms and their potential to restore, rejuvenate, and heal our ecosystems and the environment.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/fungi-restoring-ecosystems/">Fungi restoring ecosystems and climate: Rewilding from the bottom up</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The microclimate plays a crucial role in the growth of fungi, with mushrooms and mycelium in the soil thriving in a cool, moist, and shaded environment.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">However, these organisms also have the capability to modify their microclimate when it is not favorable to their growth. Mushrooms play important roles in regulating microclimates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Airconditioning</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Have you ever wondered how mushrooms can spread their spores without the help of a breeze? Scientists have uncovered their remarkable secret: <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.1509612113" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">they create wind themselves.</a> Through evaporation, mushrooms manipulate their microclimate, leading to an increase in air humidity and a drop in temperature. This creates a dense air zone and <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfqUWVFQYkM" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">small wind currents</a> around the mushroom, allowing it to distribute its spores through the air. This means that mushrooms can effectively disperse their spores even in still conditions.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Fungi-restoring-ecosystems-and-climate-agaric-ejecting-spores.jpg" alt="Agaric mushroom ejecting spores with force in a forest." class="wp-image-6754"/></figure>



<div style="height:30px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The research also showed that the air temperatures around different mushrooms were 1-2°C lower than the ambient air, with the mushrooms themselves being around 4°C cooler. This reduction in temperature is due to the energy consumption required for evapotranspiration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Rainmakers</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Mushrooms have a surprising ability to create rain. They release millions of tons of fungal spores into the air, which are among the largest living particles. These spores, along with plant pieces and pollen grains, can serve as the nucleus for water condensation in clouds. When water condenses on the spore surfaces, it forms rain droplets. This means that large populations of fungi can <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140407" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contribute to rainfall</a> in their ecosystems.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image is-style-rounded">
<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Fungi-restoring-ecosystems-and-climate-mushroom-on-a-tree-e1676472259706.jpg" alt="Mushrooms growing on a tree in rain." class="wp-image-6755" style="width:236px;height:236px"/></figure>
</div>


<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This creates a positive feedback loop: the growth of fungi is stimulated by rain, leading to the release of large quantities of spores that further enhance precipitation. By this mechanism, mushrooms play a crucial role in promoting rainfall in the environments they inhabit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mycorrhiza</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Nearly 90% of plant species, including crops, have symbiotic relationships with fungal networks. These relationships give plants the power to access nutrients in the soil, making fungi critical in soil building. They release nutrients in a form that can be absorbed by plant roots, reduce the risk of nutrient loss through leaching, and improve drought resilience by redistributing water to upper soil layers.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image is-style-rounded">
<figure class="alignleft size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Fungi-restoring-ecosystems-and-climate-mycorrhiza-e1676472697487.jpg" alt="Visible mycorrhiza of fungi." class="wp-image-6756" style="width:236px;height:236px"/></figure>
</div>


<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Moreover, fungal networks also play a crucial role in carbon sequestration. Ecosystems with healthy fungal networks store more carbon than those without, improving soil quality and drought tolerance, and increasing overall resilience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cascading impact</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">According to renowned mycologist and author <a href="https://fungi.com/pages/about-us" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paul Stamets</a>, a strain of Oyster mushrooms has the ability to clean up crude oil. In a scientific study, Stamets showed that the mushrooms were able to break down over 95% of harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into non-toxic components. Not only were the mushrooms effective in cleaning up oil spills, but they also contributed to the restoration of the surrounding environment.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Once the mushrooms began to rot, they attracted flies, leading to a chain of events where other insects and birds were drawn in, ultimately bringing in seeds to the previously polluted area. Through this process, the mushrooms played a vital role in facilitating habitat remediation and restoring the ecosystem. Stamets&#8217; research highlights the remarkable abilities of fungi in promoting environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Ecosystem restoration</h2>


<div class="wp-block-image is-style-rounded">
<figure class="alignright size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Fungi-restoring-ecosystems-and-climate-symbiosis-e1676472925352.jpg" alt="A tree growing symbiotically on a tree above a river." class="wp-image-6759" style="width:118px;height:118px"/></figure>
</div>


<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Mycorrhizal fungi and mushrooms have a vital role in maintaining ecological stability and fostering growth in ecosystems. With their ability to regulate weather and their adaptive mechanisms, they serve as keystone organisms in dynamic environments. As such, they can be leveraged to restore, rejuvenate, and heal ecosystems, local climates and agricultural land. That&#8217;s why the Rewilding Academy promotes a symbiotic partnership between fungi, rewilders, and farmers.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For more information, please watch our webinar recording on fungi and rewilding.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="Fascinating Fungi: Invisible Allies in Rewilding" width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Mhd-9fUt6Ao?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div></figure>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><br>Photo: Sasha Panarin / Scop.io</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/fungi-restoring-ecosystems/">Fungi restoring ecosystems and climate: Rewilding from the bottom up</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>Shifting Paradigms: Lucy Rees&#8217; Groundbreaking Study of Pottoka Horses</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/ecology/shifting-paradigms-lucy-rees-groundbreaking-study-of-pottoka-horses/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 03 Feb 2023 19:06:05 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Ecology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Interviews]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[horses]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=6661</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>A documentary film about the affiliative behavior of wild horses that eliminates the concept of dominance in equine...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecology/shifting-paradigms-lucy-rees-groundbreaking-study-of-pottoka-horses/">Shifting Paradigms: Lucy Rees&#8217; Groundbreaking Study of Pottoka Horses</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>A documentary film about the affiliative behavior of wild horses that eliminates the concept of dominance in equine social life. You can support this project here: <a href="https://en.goteo.org/project/notas-sobre-caballos-por-lucy-rees" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GoTeo</a></em></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://www.lucyrees.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lucy Rees</a>, an ethologist and writer, has been studying a population of Pottokas horses for over a decade. These ancient Basque horses were introduced into a public forest in northern Spain in 2010.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Through her ethology project, Lucy reveals the social bonds and behavior patterns within the equine population, with a focus on affiliative behavior and character definition of wild horses. This scientific and personal project began after Lucy studied horses in the wild in different countries.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Her conclusions on the synchrony of movements and absence of hierarchy within equine groups were revolutionary and have only recently been recognized by the scientific community.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Lucy&#8217;s extensive knowledge of the Pottokas, based on her observations and notes on social relationships and interconnections, is reflected in the documentary feature film &#8220;Notes About Horses&#8221;. This film showcases her most interesting conclusions, which challenge traditional human interpretations of equine behavior.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-vimeo wp-block-embed-vimeo wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
<iframe loading="lazy" title="Notas Sobre Caballos. Teaser" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/777683164?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963" width="720" height="405" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture"></iframe>
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Documentary</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><a href="https://allashadrova.com/en/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alla Ish Shadrova</a>, an independent filmmaker, is preparing a documentary about the pottoka horses. She studied cinema in Barcelona and created her audio-visual production company Kinoismos in 2017. She focuses on projects that stand out for their social and innovative value in their way of realisation.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The documentary &#8220;Notes About Horses&#8221; aims to enhance understanding of horses&#8217; affiliative behavior, evoke empathy towards these animals while respecting their nature, and ultimately improve human-horse communication by gaining a deeper knowledge of equine nature.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>We asked Ish about her drive and passion for this project.</strong></p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How did your background prepare you for your current work?</h3>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I think that the most important imprint of my youth is my higher education at the Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry. The science background enables me to analyse and look deep into the simple things, to be curious about getting new knowledge and know how to summarise. In filmmaking the ability to recap your film in a few phrases is crucial. You should know what your film is about. So, I am lucky to have these skills since my youth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Where is your passion for filming coming from?</h3>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For me it is about dedication, passion and inner necessity to tell stories. Once, in my youth I went to Tanzania to a student conference. I remember when I came back home, I found it limiting to describe my impressions only by words. Those women singing in Swahili, the elephants standing still in Serengeti with their enormous ears, the Maasai villages, the monkeys stealing in the canteen, the mountains of rubbish in Dar es Salaam… There was an audio-visual collage in my mind, like an essay film. I guess it was the moment when I found out this inner necessity to make documentary films. So naive!</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">How did you get involved in documentary making?</h3>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I had a chance to join as a second camera to a small crew to make a short documentary film “The Earth Didn&#8217;t Speak” directed by Javier Briones in the mountains of Guatemala. The documentary is about a massacre of indigenous people in 1982 who decided to resist forced relocation for the construction of the Chixoy Dam. It was my very first experience to take part in a documentary film production. It showed me how powerful activism could be through documentary filmmaking. It has a huge value not only as a result but also as a process of making the film. I suppose that strong experience made me discover my passion for social storytelling.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Why did you decide to become involved in science communication and horses? </h3>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">By chance. In 2016 one friend of mine told me about an ethologist, Lucy Rees, who has an alternative opinion toward equine society, considering horses anarchists. Coming from social documentary filmmaking I had a strong anthropocentric vision. The first question that I asked Lucy when I met her was &#8220;How can you avoid applying human logic to communicate to another species?&#8221; Then I read her book The Horse&#8217;s Logic and I offered her my audiovisual skills to make videos based on that book.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">We are animals so we can use animal behavior to understand ourselves on a deeper level. It was my main motivation to submerge myself into the horse society with my camera ON. Working on the videos I became fascinated by the wild life of pottokas. I started to detect the details in their communication: gestures of friendship, gestures of closeness. Those gestures that make the function in the solidity and union of a band. Those gestures that in a certain way we should apply to communicate with them.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Later I visited a lot of equestrian centres and I could compare the life conditions of the domestic horses. It&#8217;s so obvious that our human society should bring more attention to the natural life of horses to understand what equine welfare means.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Observing the wild pottokas next to Lucy I noticed the absence of the dominance in equine behavior and the signs of peaceful coexistence. After having done the videos of Ethology, Biomecanique and Horsemanship our ideas have evolved into the script of a feature documentary film, which is the next step in our collaboration, a very logical one.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Is there anything you would like to achieve with your work over the next five years?</h3>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The changing of the paradigm of the interpretation of success for human beings could make us simplify our lives and expand the ecological way of thinking. To accept cooperativism and mutual aid as a base for a prosperity for human society could minimise our egocentricity and prioritise the united world. Maybe we could learn about it from wild horses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">You can support this important project!</h2>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Alla Ish Shadrova has started a crowdfunding campaign to produce this documentary film about affiliative equine behavior of wild horses. She has spent 4 years getting to know the pottoka horses and finding a way to tell their stories.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><em>“For me this documentary would be a film about a society where the key to survival is mutual aid and peaceful coexistence. A good reflection for nowadays.” </em>&#8211; Alla Ish Shadrova</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>If you like to help change our perspective on behavior of wild horses, and generate deeper insights important for <a href="https://rewilding.academy/what-is-rewilding/">rewilding</a> and reintroduction projects – please consider donating towards this ground-breaking project!</strong></p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Learn more and donate now: <a href="https://en.goteo.org/project/notas-sobre-caballos-por-lucy-rees" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GoTeo</a></strong><br>Follow Ish on <a href="https://www.instagram.com/notassobrecaballos_lucyrees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Instagram</a><br>Follow Lucy Rees on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/wildhorsesinspain" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Facebook</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecology/shifting-paradigms-lucy-rees-groundbreaking-study-of-pottoka-horses/">Shifting Paradigms: Lucy Rees&#8217; Groundbreaking Study of Pottoka Horses</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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		<title>Restoring wild animal populations as climate change mitigation strategy</title>
		<link>https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/restoring-wild-animal-populations-as-climate-change-mitigation-strategy/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[admin]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2023 21:39:11 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Ecology]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ecosystem Restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rewilding]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[biodiversity]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ecosystem restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[rewilding]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://rewilding.academy/?p=6477</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Responding to climate change and reversing the reduction in biodiversity are two of the most pressing environmental issues...</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/restoring-wild-animal-populations-as-climate-change-mitigation-strategy/">Restoring wild animal populations as climate change mitigation strategy</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Responding to climate change and reversing the reduction in biodiversity are two of the most pressing environmental issues of our day. Interventions that address both issues at once are highly preferred. </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Most research to date on these two problems has concentrated on protecting or restoring soils and vegetation, ignoring the potential impact that large wild animals may have on ecosystems&#8217; capacity to mitigate climate change and adapt to it. The <a href="https://rewilding.academy/ecosystem-restoration/wild-mammals-flourishing-again-in-europe-thanks-to-conservation-efforts/">conservation of large animals</a> and the fight against climate change may not always work well together, though. </p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In a publication in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982222001014" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>, researchers  discuss protecting animals and reducing climate change in land and marine environments. They clarify broad concepts regarding the types of biomes where and how positive and negative synergy between <a href="https://rewilding.academy/events/rewilding-event-the-return-of-wolves-in-the-netherlands/">wildlife protection</a> and climate change mitigation are likely to occur.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The article reviews existing research on the topic and identifies three main mechanisms by which large animals can contribute to climate change mitigation:</p>



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Changes in fire regime, particularly in formerly low-flammability biomes with a new or intensifying fire regime, like mesic grasslands or warm temperate woodlands; </li>



<li>Changes in terrestrial albedo, particularly where there is potential to shift from closed canopy to open canopy systems at higher latitudes; and </li>



<li>Increases in vegetation and animal populations. </li>
</ol>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The authors also note that large animals can promote ecosystem adaptation to climate change by promoting complexity of trophic webs, increasing habitat heterogeneity, enhancing plant dispersal, increasing resistance to abrupt ecosystem change and through microclimate modification.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The authors argue that conservation and restoration of <a href="https://rewilding.academy/what-is-megafauna/">large wild animals</a> (important aspects of <a href="https://rewilding.academy/what-is-rewilding/">rewilding</a>) should be considered as a potential strategy for addressing both climate change and biodiversity decline.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Source: <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960982222001014" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a><br>Featured image: Keitti Järv / Scop.io</p>



<div class="wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img decoding="async" src="https://rewilding.academy/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Flamingo-animal-behaviour-in-conservation.webp" alt="Pink flamingo representing the cover image of the animal behaviour in conservation course on Rewilding Academy." class="wp-image-6849 size-full"/></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content">
<h4 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">Enroll in the <a href="https://rewilding.academy/courses/animal-behaviour-in-conservation/">&#8220;Animal Behaviour in Conservation&#8221;</a> course to learn how protecting large animals can help address climate change and biodiversity loss.</h4>



<div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe48e5de wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex">
<div class="wp-block-button has-custom-font-size has-medium-font-size"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-white-color has-text-color has-background wp-element-button" href="https://rewilding.academy/courses/animal-behaviour-in-conservation/" style="background-color:#7898af" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Enroll</a></div>
</div>
</div></div>
<p>The post <a href="https://rewilding.academy/rewilding/restoring-wild-animal-populations-as-climate-change-mitigation-strategy/">Restoring wild animal populations as climate change mitigation strategy</a> appeared first on <a href="https://rewilding.academy">Rewilding Academy</a>.</p>
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